Weeds AR Wild, Episode 21 - Part 2 
Title: Arkansas and Wisconsin: What’s Weed Control Look Like? 
T. Butts, August 5, 2021

Arkansas Row Crops Radio providing up to date information & timely recommendations on row crop production in Arkansas.

Welcome to the Weeds AR Wild podcast series as a part of Row Crops Radio. My name is Tommy Butts, extension weed scientist for the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture. Thank you for joining us for part 2 of Dr. Rodrigo Werle and I’s podcast episode here where we’ve been discussing some of the similarities and differences between weed species and weed control methods between Arkansas and Wisconsin. Here in part 2 we’re just going to kind of further expand on that discussion, talk a little bit more about resistances and a few other topics as we go along. So thanks for joining us back here on part 2 and we’re going to jump right back into it. 

Dr. Werle: Tommy, one thing I want to pick your brain on, you mentioned glufosinate resistance in the Palmer which is very unfortunate.  I foresee glufosinate playing a major role in post-emergence weed control in soybeans across the mid-west here, because it’s going to be in our new platform, right? If you look at the novel traits, three of them they have the tolerance present, right? So what are your top recommendations briefly here because I know you could talk about this for days, right? What are your top recommendations for growers looking into using glufosinate? Because there’s this mindset that glufosinate does not work here in the upper mid-west. If you spray right, I’ve seen it work. It does a great, great job. And the reason that I’m saying that is there is not resistance screenings for pigweeds, for Palmer and for waterhemp, also for giant ragweed. Glufosinate is the one herbicide that provides 100% control. So we have this resistance to the other herbicides building up and we have this tolerance straight available in this novel platforms that we’re using for our soybean production system. Tommy, if you in a few minutes could provide a recommendation to a grower on how to use glufosinate, what would be your word?

Tommy: Yeah, no, that’s a great question and I think a lot of people will say that glufosinate or Liberty doesn’t work because it is in all honesty, it is more of a finicky herbicide, right? It’s got more restrictions on it to make it work correctly than some of our other herbicides. Especially something like Roundup, right? Glyphosate we could do a lot of things wrong and we’re still going to make it work, it’ll still be fine. Glufosinate is not that way. There are a lot of things you kind of got to set up and be right, but it can, like you mentioned, work really well. And I should mention too, with our glufosinate or Liberty resistance down here in the state, it’s still relatively localized to just a few places. It’s not wide spread by any means which is good news for us. It’s still very effective in a lot of areas. It’s just, there are a handful of locations where we’ve found it doesn’t work at all. But along those lines as far as recommendations go with it, the one thing we always recommend right off the top is to, if you’re going to spray it, you got to spray it during banking hours, right? So like 9 to 5, you got to hit it in that window is where you really got to hit it, where we’ve got sunlight, where you’ve got heat, you’ve got at least a decent moisture kind of level out there, that’s where you got to hit it. The other thing is making sure that we’ve got a good enough spray volume, so the label says 15, you want to at least be at 15 GPA. You know 20 can help as well, so somewhere in there. But even more than the spray volume I think is picking the right nozzle and getting the right droplet size out there. So a lot of guys, especially down here, where we’re in the dicamba system, we’re running the TTI nozzles or other very large droplet size producing nozzles for the dicamba system and then we don’t change out when we go spray Liberty. Well that just does not work because it’s a massive droplet size compared to what we need to make that work and get the right coverage, so we really got to make sure we’re more down to like that medium, maybe a Coarse droplet size, something like an AIXR does a really excellent job with getting us good coverage and yet still giving us a little bit of drift control, you know, something along those lines. So if we can pick the right nozzle, get that right droplet size out and then get our volume set, you know 15-20 GPA and then spray during banking hours, those are some of the most critical things I can mention. Also, especially we’re starting to get more into this down here in Arkansas, but I know it’s already big in the Midwest, is looking at water conditioners and making sure our water is properly conditioned, that we are adding either AMS into the tank or one of the other proven water conditioning adjuvants because Liberty is very easily tied up by hard water cations. Things like calcium, magnesium, iron, sodium, those kinds of things and so if you add in AMS or one of these other water conditioners that can basically tie up those cations first, and then you add your Liberty in the tank, it frees it up, it makes it more available to do its job. And like I mentioned we’re really finding that out to be a bigger deal down here than originally thought. We’ve done a survey the past couple of years of our water qualities and we’ve got things all over the board and cation concentrations all across the board. Some can be high in calcium and magnesium, some are very soft, we don’t have any problems, some we have had really high amounts of iron and then some we actually had some really high amounts of sodium. So all across the board there, and like I mentioned any of those can tie up some of our herbicides and making sure that it’s conditioned will help something like glufosinate or Liberty out a lot as well. 

Dr. Werle: That is awesome. Thanks a lot for that information. It will certainly be very helpful. One thing that I would add to your list there Tommy is that we keep talking about weed size, right. We always talk about weed size. We did everything by the book in our plots but, purposely we sprayed late, ok, and the same thing happened to the farmers that we work with, we went a little too late and what happens, you fry the tops, you don’t get good control, so that thing that we could do back with glyphosate spray pigweeds when they were 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12 inches sometimes you know, we could get by with glyphosate when glyphosate was working with us. New herbicides and no matter what we are talking glufosinate, but also with the synthetic auxins when we sprayed those weeds that are a little further advanced, you either twist or burn them and they come back, so more than ever that weed size we keep talking about, every single weed scientist will talk about it right? We got to pay attention to that because if those pigweeds grow a little too much, I mean it’s hard to get them under control, right? 

Tommy: Yeah, no, that’s an excellent point. I mean, I’m glad you brought up some of the other herbicides too. It’s not just glufosinate, I mean it’s everything to hit them when they’re small otherwise you start, you either lose control or they are able to survive and still produce seed which again we talked about seed bank management and if it’s still producing seed you’re not doing the best job that we possibly could if we could get out there sooner, so that’s huge. One of the questions I had for you Rodrigo, especially with your efforts in Wisconsin, and maybe the increase that you’ve seen of this in the state, but the use of cover crops, specifically how that plays into weed control for you guys up there and maybe how that might help some of the growers down here in Arkansas as well as a potential option. 

Dr. Werle: Yeah, no, absolutely Tommy, so that’s a great question. Cover crops have been an area of interest to our program. There is a lot of interest out there amongst our growers and protecting the soil, right? So growing a cover crop in between their crops there to protect the soil, what a phenomenal idea, right, to protect the soil, but when they’re doing that they’re not only protecting their soil, their soil health if you would, but if they have a crop growing there they’re providing canopy, like I say, they are providing canopy, they’re suppressing weeds and I just like to see it. Here in Wisconsin we do have a lot of cover crops that end up becoming forage crops so we got to separate things a little bit, because they have to be managed differently, especially from a herbicide perspective, right? And I don’t want to complicate it too much, but usually if they’re going to graze that what they are calling a cover crop, that’s no longer a cover crop, that becomes a forage crop, so it’s important that our listeners understand the difference. If you’re going to graze it, if you’re going to chop it, then you’re no longer dealing with a cover crop, that becomes a, it has done its job as a cover to protect the soil, but you got to manage it a little bit differently especially when it comes down to labels, right? The cover crop, cereal rye has become the most popular option you can plant. Here for us, very late, after corn harvest. There won’t be much growth in the fall. Sometimes growers get upset because they don’t see the cover crop taking over. There’s just not enough heat units left for us out there after corn harvest, ok? But you got to watch in the spring. The spring the cover crop, especially if you have cereal rye, in the spring it will explode. It’s a good amount of biomass and if you’re patient, if you wait until that cereal rye is reaching the reproductive stages, this is the best time to be terminating it. Why is that? Because when it’s reaching the reproductive stage the plant itself will have a high C:N ratio and the higher the C:N ratio is, carbon:nitrogen the longer it will take to decompose, ok? So you have a high amount of biomass that’s actively growing in the spring, directly suppressing weeds and if that biomass has high C:N ratio at the time to terminate, you are going to have quality residue in the soil surface that’s going to be suppressing weeds and it does a great job suppressing pigweeds. It interferes with the temperature at the soil level, it interferes with the amount of light that is getting to the soil surface and that indirectly or directly impacts pigweed emergence. We have seen some really promising results of high biomass, cereal rye cover crops system combined with an effective pre-emergence herbicide. We’ve been doing some studies here in Wisconsin, there’s a series of studies that have been currently conducted across the country and Arkansas is actually hosting, is one of those sites and we were recently Tommy, you know, the virtual WSSA meeting and that is the one program that seems to be working all around the country. High biomass cover crop, combined with an effective pre-emergence herbicide providing some excellent levels of pigweed control. 

Tommy: No that’s excellent. I’m glad you brought up the pre-emergence herbicide program part, because I get asked all the time if we have this huge amount of biomass, are we really going to get anything to the soil for our pre-emergence residual products? And that’s been our recommendation too. You still want to spray it, you want to get that out there and my comment has always been, well listen let’s say it does get captured by the leaves and it’s trapped on there anyway. To get those activated we need to have rainfall, we need to have moisture. As soon as it hits it, it’s going to wipe it off get it to the soil anyway, right? So no matter what if we’re operating under the right conditions we’re going to have the moisture get it to the soil eventually so it’s still really important to have those residuals out there, so I’m glad you brought that point up. The one other thing I just wanted you to maybe hit on too is you mentioned cereal rye, which I 100% agree with. Cereal rye is one of our big ones down here too. But can you hit on the fact of cereal rye vs annual ryegrass and that annual ryegrass is an absolute no-no.

Dr. Werle: Yeah, annual ryegrass we don’t even play with that in our plots. Just so folks don’t walk away and try it. Annual ryegrass can become a major weed problem, especially when you get small grains into that system as well becomes a really big concern as a major weed in several parts of the country and also around the globe, so we don’t even go that route. We usually stick with cereal rye up here. Folks also like to call cereal rye as winter rye. Just so we all know we’re talking about the same thing. And why is that? Well it will establish in the fall, it won’t grow much, but it can survive the winter. It grows a significant amount of biomass in the spring and the last feature of that cereal rye is it’s easier to terminate. So management of that cereal rye is simpler as you compare to some other alternative cover crops. Winter wheat is one. A little harder to terminate if the conditions are not right and an annual ryegrass we just don’t like to recommend it because we know of its weediness potential. I’ll let you expand on that Tommy. 

Tommy: That’s exactly right. I mean that’s what we want to hit on. I’ve already talked about Italian ryegrass being in my top four, that’s the same, right? Annual ryegrass and Italian ryegrass are exactly the same thing. So we’re basically planting a weed out there that we already have resistance evolved to multiple modes of action and is one of our top five worst weeds in the state of Arkansas and so yeah we’ve been drastically trying to get people to avoid that one at all costs. If they can go cereal rye, totally fine like you mentioned, the ease of kill there is pretty high, it’s pretty easy to kill cereal rye in most instances. And so that’s been a good option. One other question I get a lot. Typically we only recommend kind of trying to do the grass cover crops ahead of a broadleaf cash crop. So did you have any broadleaf cover crops that work good going ahead of like corn? You know going ahead of your grass crops up there, your grass cash crop?

Dr. Werle: Yeah, that’s a great question. We’ve tried some different species. Our window here if you’re drilling after corn or soybean harvest, there is not much time for the brassicas to grow, they’re not going to survive, usually they won’t survive the winter here for us. And sometimes folks like to put the legumes, the problem with the legumes is that they don’t grow fast in the fall, they don’t grow fast in the spring either. They kind of take off in the summer and by then it’s already kind of too late. So there are some folks that are looking at your seeding corn into standing legume cover crop and terminating then later. So there are some folks playing with that, but usually we haven’t done much in that sense. I just want to take a little bit of a step-back and talk about the termination that we just mentioned, right, because again my system here is primarily corn and soybean and I have the rye growing in the spring. Some of the research by Kolby Grint who finished his masters recently with us, soybeans are quite forgiving. In normal years for us when we have moisture, this year has been a different ballgame. I’m anxious to see what the yields will look like. But here for us we’re planting green, ok, and what is the planting green Rodrigo? You pretty much establish your soybean crop into a standing rye and then you either terminate shortly after planting or you wait up to two weeks. And we’ve done this for three years now and we have seen no yield reduction from that yet, we’ve seen some really good addition to weed suppression, so that system works great but then this year we had a really, really dry spring, so we’ll see what the plots tell us. And you can tell by just driving by the plots, the beans are 2 or 3 nodes behind where we had that planted green scenario. So phenomenal year for that type of research. On the corn end, corn does not like alive cereal rye, so our recommendations for growers, when we have cereal rye ahead of corn to terminate it and at least terminate it a week prior to planting because if you do lose grain planting green, if you go green with your corn, corn and cereal rye don’t get along as well and you tend to see a significant yield reduction so I just wanted to add that a little bit Tommy. And then the last thing if folks want to try broadleaves the recommendations for them is to interseed or aerially seed but again in that scenario you need moisture and a good amount of rainfall and hope those cover crops get established. So it gets a little more complicated and that’s why cereal rye drilled after crop harvest has become so popular. It’s a lot simpler and the likihood of success much higher.

Tommy: I was hoping you were going to have a life-saving moment there for us on the broadleaf cover crops because we struggle there too. We’ve tried something like the clovers and some of the like winter pea and things like that but, and they work well for us, like we have the weather pattern that we can get them established and growing, our main problem with the clovers and the winter peas is we struggle to get them killed in the spring. They’re a lot tougher to kill than something like cereal rye is and then so we end up either having them survive through our cash crop or it just doesn’t look good and people get upset or different things there but that has been kind of our struggle on that broadleaf front ahead of our cash crop.

Dr. Werle: One comment there, Tommy, one thing that’s worked for us on the broadleaf cover crop front is after small grain. That is a no brainer. When they have winter wheat planted immediately after soybean harvest and they’re going to harvest the winter wheat the next year in July or so, then they have that beautiful window here for establishment of this cover crop mix and that has worked great so that’s one scenario there where it worked. If you’re willing to bring a small grain into that corn/soybean rotation where you end up having three crops in three years, you have that opportunity in that late summer, fall after the winter weed to explore your cover crop opportunities there if you would. 

Tommy: No that’s awesome. Yeah I appreciate that discussion, because I think that’ll go a long way too for growers down here, just understanding the cover crops a little bit more. 

Dr. Werle: Hey, you protect the soil, you suppress the weeds, it’s great isn’t it? 

Tommy: Yes

Dr. Werle: As long as you get it to work.

Tommy: That’s right. That’s what I always say too with cover crops. It’s not a one size fits all everybody. You’ve got to find what works in your operation, what you can get to establish, what you can get to kill and what you can get planted and in the time line and all of that. So it’s tough to give Extension recommendations based on that because there’s nothing broad stroke that works but there’s a lot of things for different people that will work on this field or that field or this farm and that farm. And if you can get it to work for you and you don’t have it become a problematic weed then in your cash crop the following year, I’m all about it and we can try and test it as we go. But it’s just going to be a lot of guessing and testing along the way I think especially with some of these different mixes and everything else when we get into that front. 

Dr. Werle: One thing I would like to add there Tommy real quick here is we learned this year, right, we have this trial and the requirement was an early maturing rye. We never paid attention too much to the variety of rye that we planted as cover crops but this year we had to use an early maturing, that made a huge difference because we have our standard rye and then we went with this early maturing rye, side by side and this early maturing produced a lot more biomass and it was flowering two weeks to ten days ahead of the conventional rye. And then we so happen to have a cover crop field day with some organic colleagues and there again folks have been using this rye for a long period now because they like the biomass but they have a difficult time terminating it because it’s hard to crimp,  it’s too much biomass. But in our conventional systems that’s exactly what we want. We want a lot of biomass because we can terminate them with our herbicides. Glyphosate becomes our to go. So sometimes we also get outside and do a little talking and see what’s working in other types of systems  and this scenario and comparison between organic and conventional because we can bring the best of both worlds together and learn a lot from each other that way.

Tommy: No that’s awesome, that’s a really great point and it’s interesting to hear. Like you said you don’t often think crossing an organic border and some of the differences there and that’s real interesting to hear. Again, like you said, situation by situational basis is really cool. Basically I think there we can start to wrap up. I think we’ve covered a lot of great topics. One of the last things I wanted to mention as far as weed control here in Arkansas that I’ve really started to promote a lot is our “SPORTS” method for weed control. And I’m probably a little bit of a nerd, but I’m really excited about this campaign that we’ve started and it’s a great memory aid as far as weed control recommendations go and so like I said that’s “SPORTS”. And so if you think of each letter it stands for a different weed control measure, so as we go down, “S” stands for start clean. And this can be any cropping system, any state wherever we’re at, this covers all of us. But the important weed control recommendations we’ve been given, all start clean. You got to have bare ground, you don’t want to have to be planting in a weedy mess and trying to kill it postemergence. You want to start fresh and that will help you out a lot throughout the season. So that’s the “S”. “P” is for pre-emergence herbicides. No matter what system we’re in pre-emergence residuals do a lot for us as far as season long weed control. They’re normally a little bit more economical than a lot of our postemergence herbicides and we can save a little bit of money potentially on the backend of our herbicide cost because we’re getting it out up front, and that also saves us on selection pressure for resistance for some of those postemergence herbicides. So using those PREs is important. The “O” part of Sports is for overlapping residuals, especially down here in Arkansas where we have that wide window for germination and high temperatures and everything else. We really in our first postemergence shot need to get out more residuals to again help us eliminate secondary, third flushes, all those kinds of things, and so we overlap those residuals as much as possible. The “R” is for a lot of what we talked about. It’s Required integrated weed management tactics, so cover crops, you know managing the weed seed bank, narrow rows, you know, crop rotation, all those kinds of things. Those need to be implemented if we’re really going to be successful long term, especially battling all the resistances that we mentioned today. The “T” part of SPORTS is for timely. We mentioned the weed size and how critical it is, so being timely with those applications. Being timely with our pre-emergence herbicides are just as critical. Getting them out there ahead of the weed emergence, getting them out ahead of a rainfall event so we can get them activated, all those kinds of things. Timing is really critical. And then final “S” is for selection. And selection of multiple effective mode of action herbicides. We can’t rely on that same mode of action year in and year out anymore. Across cropping systems across multiple sequential applications. We got to mix it up and have multiple effective modes of action to really delay resistance. And then maximize our weed control out of that. So like I mentioned, that’s kind of a campaign we’re starting down here is “SPORTS” to remember our holistic weed control management system there and hopefully that helps out a lot. And I do like to mention, we’ve got a poster created and I’ve posted that out on twitter and stuff. It’s a fun little Palmer amaranth playing baseball with some farmers, so if you ever wanted one of those posters or see it, hit me up, let me know, we’ve got a bunch of those posters printed. It’s kind of just something different to have and hang on a wall somewhere. So I wanted to mention that. Rodrigo, did you want to hit on any of your Extension outreach activities, is there any other fun things that you wanted to mention before we start to break apart here?

Dr. Werle: No, I just want to say that I love your poster Tommy and in one poster there you can cover pretty much the content that we try to cover in our Extension talks right, from beginning to end here. I just love everything that you said here. It’s exactly what we recommend up here, no matter if you’re down in Arkansas or if you’re up here in Wisconsin, or anywhere you might be listening, SPORTS it is. That’s the way to go and if you have not seen the poster I encourage you to check or reach out to Tommy or go to his twitter account because I just love that poster. I’m actually going to start printing it and passing it around in our talks, so kudos to you on that effort Tommy. As we get ready to wrap up here Tommy perhaps you want to describe one area of research outside that you guys are working on and I’ll do one thing here and we’ll wrap this thing up. 

Tommy: Yeah, sure, so you know one area of research in my program that I tend to like to focus a lot on goes across my rice and soybean crop. So I’m primarily managing research in those two crops, but I’m trying to do a lot of different application type projects and down here aerial applications are really big in the state of Arkansas. About half of our applications actually go out aerially and so I’ve been trying to do quite a bit of work on that front between both our rice and soybean crops. Aerial applications, ground applications, all those kinds of things, so one such project that we’re looking at, spray volume out of a plane, between 3, 5, and 7 GPA, trying to look at our weed control with some different rice herbicides and seeing how that affects our ending resulting weed control. Some unique results have come out of that kind of showing droplet size effect really matters and also that our herbicide that we’re having come out of there probably matters. So on a plane it’s almost exact opposite of a ground rig. If we’re going to increase our spray volume, we have to increase our pressure, which actually by increasing pressure we increase our droplet size. It’s the opposite of a ground rig. If we increase our pressure on our ground rig, we get smaller droplets, but it’s opposite on a plane. So just inherently because we increase our volume we end up with larger droplets, and for things like flatsedge that I mentioned earlier, that are real small leaves, vertical upright plant, we’re finding out that that increase in droplet size, even though we have more volume, the droplet size increase is too much to overcome and we end up with either the same level of control at 7 vs 3 GPA, or it’s even a little bit less. So it’s kind of a balancing act there, but we’re also looking at some different ground rig nozzles for controlling rice as well through a USDA-NIFA sponsored project where we’re looking at different drill spacings of rice anywhere from 5 inch spacing up to 15 inch spacing on rice which is unheard of at the time but the more precision agriculture things that kick in, 15 inch may not be so unheard of in the near future. And so we’re looking at different drill spacings and whether different nozzles, especially single fan or dual fan out of a ground rig may change our weed control recommendations there in rice as well. So that’s a handful of projects there that we’re working on just trying to optimize applications and different drill spacings and different practices like that to maximize our weed control efforts.

Dr. Werle: That’s so cool. Never a dull moment there right?

Tommy: That’s right, that’s right, always got something going on. It’s the life of assistant professors though. We’ve always got to have 20, 30, 40, 80, 90, 100 different things going on at once.

Dr. Werle: Always chasing our tails, right? So a colleague told me it’s like a spaghetti bowl, right. Toss it on a wall and we hope something sticks. And this is what we call it works. You mentioned precision ag, technology’s really evolved and I think we can use that to help us manage resistant weeds. And there’s some old techs out there and we’re talking about new areas of research. One thing that we’re bringing from the deep south here is the hooded sprayers. We have non-gmo soybean growers struggling with ALS, PPO resistance in some of these weeds and once you cannot use ALS or PPOs POST controlling broadleaf weeds in soybeans that are non-gmo because they are difficult. We’re bringing out the hooded sprayers and in the drift era, right, we’ve done some work looking at how these hoods can help reduce drift and it’s amazing how they can help us. You know some of this older technology now bringing some new technology, pulse-width modulation under the hood there and looking at alternative chemistries because some of our farmers are really, really struggling with control, so this is some of the aside from the integrated weed management, some of the stuff we’re playing with up here as well. 

Tommy: That’s awesome. So did you have any other final comments that you wanted to include too Rodrigo or did we cover all the topics that you were looking at? 

Dr. Werle: I have had a blast here. I’ve learned a lot from you today Tommy and I hope the listeners are enjoying the content. I’m glad we get to be together here and exchange experiences. It’s amazing how life goes, right. You come from Wisconsin and I come from Brazil and we meet in Nebraska and now I get to be in your home state and you’re down in Arkansas and we get to talk about weeds here and despite the differences in cropping systems, despite the differences in weeds, we got a lot to learn from each other and I think that’s the beauty of agriculture. You know sometimes getting outside of our box if you would, and see what our neighbors across the state line, but also far away from us are doing because I’m always learning, always learning, I truly enjoy. And just an interesting fact here, when we were out west I had the pleasure of working with Tommy’s wife, right. Liberty Butts, she was the research specialist in the cropping systems program so we’re all connected right Tommy?

Tommy: That’s right. Agriculture is a small world and everybody gets involved, so yeah that’s great, it’s hilarious. Just to echo your point and you’re 100% right, no matter where we’re at we can learn something from a neighbor and apply something hopefully in a different way or anything, so that was really the main point of having this podcast today was to get together and talk about some of these similarities and differences and yet what we can take from each other and implement it in each one of our states and I think that’s been great, so I think there’s been a lot of great overlap and discussion here. One of the last things I wanted to mention to you, especially for any Arkansas growers if you’re interested in learning more about what Rodrigo’s doing in Wisconsin or pick up more things from him, he’s very active on twitter so follow him at, excuse me, @Wiscweeds, very, very active. Has a great twitter profile there with a lot of information there at all times. His website is also great. Constantly updating blog posts and things like that. Is that Wiscweeds.edu?

Dr. Werle: .info 

Tommy: Wiscweeds.info. So that’s a great website to go to for information so go there and check out his information. My information is twitter: @weedsaARwild. We have our website which is uaex.uada.edu/weeds. We’ve got a blog and post a lot of different things as well, our podcasts and all those things, so feel free to, again if there’s anything you ever need, feel free to reach out to either of us. That’s the job, part of the job that we really love is the Extension front and working with growers and consultants and anybody listening, so if you ever need anything from either one of us, feel free. We’re both more than happy to talk and chat and problem solve and all of those kinds of things. With that Rodrigo, I don’t know if there’s anything else that you wanted to mention, but I did want to say thank you for joining us today and just having this discussion and kind of coming along for the ride. It’s been great. Hopefully we can do this again in the future and kind of do another one and an update on different things and all that kind of fun stuff. That’d be great. 

Dr. Werle: Thank you. Thank you for the opportunity Tommy. I’ve really enjoyed being here with you and look forward to bringing you here to some of our field days in the near future. I’m confident our growers would enjoy having you share your experiences with them. So thank you a lot. And again as Tommy just indicated, if you’ve got questions or if you’ve got any feedback for us, right, we’re trying to reach you out there. Tommy is leading this podcast, active twitter account listservs in Arkansas, they are using the mass text messaging which I think is pretty cool as well. So if you’ve got any feedback on how you appreciate or how you use the different platforms to get information from us, please reach out. We want to make sure that the work that we do gets in the hands of our stakeholders out there and that way we keep moving weed science forward here.

Tommy: Yeah that’s awesome. We’ll have to get you down in Arkansas and do a tour as well with that Nebraskan accent.

Dr. Werle: There you go, that would be fantastic. I would love that. 

Tommy: Awesome. Well again thank you for joining Rodrigo and thank you to all those listening. So in a couple of weeks we’ll have the next podcast. Come back again and I think Dr. Jason Norsworthy will be the host for that podcast episode here in a couple of weeks, so stay tuned for that. But once again as always thanks for joining us for this episode of the Weeds AR Wild podcast series on Arkansas Row Crops Radio. 

Arkansas Row Crops Radio is a production of the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture. For more information please contact your local county extension agent or visit uaex.uada.edu