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Hello and welcome to the 2021 Arkansas Corn and Grain Sorghum Virtual Production Meeting

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My name is Jason Kelly and the Wheat and Feed Grains Extension agronomist with the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture.

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Thank you for joining us today. Before we get started,

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I'd like to mention that today's program counts as two and a half CEUs for certified crop advisors in Arkansas agriculture consultants.

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Please remember, too, that to receive full credit, you will need to stay until the very end of the program.

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If you have questions about credits, contact Jerry Clemons

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JClemmons@uaex.esu or myself.

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For those who are new to our production meetings, we hope this event is informative and helpful.

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We also want to welcome everyone who has attended our in-person production meetings in the past.

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Kobe has changed how all of this work, though, we'd rather be meeting with you over barbecue and catfish.

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We had to adapt to the new environment of social distancing and in-person meeting restrictions.

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We've worked hard to convert our production meeting experience into a series of virtual events.

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We hope the virtual version will be as helpful as the in-person beings have been.

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Today, we have five presentations from our research and extension programs.

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Each presentation will be followed by an opportunity to ask questions.

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And please use the Q&A panel at the bottom of your screen to submit your question any time during the presentation.

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I'll kick off the program today with a presentation on corn and grain, sorghum, hybrid recommendation and production practices.

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Hello, my name is Jason Kelly,

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and I'm the Wheat and Feed Grains Extension agronomist with the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture and welcome today.

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I'd like to spend just a few minutes talking about corn and grain, sorghum, hybrid recommendations and production practices for this upcoming year.

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You know, I think most of our producers are glad that 2020 was over with.

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You know, if you look back at the corn prices over the whole year, you can see we had a lot of low prices.

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Three dollars and twenty five cents to three dollars and 50 cents was pretty much the norm through mile throughout most of the growing season.

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We get to harvest. We got a little bit of an uptick in price and definitely at the end of the year in all commodities have as well.

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So corn, grain, sorghum, soybeans know we definitely see the increase in prices.

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So that's got a lot more interest in this coming year.

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And I think a lot of our producers are ready to get into 2021 and have a great year.

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One of the things that really sets the tone for your potential and overall profitability is hybrid selection.

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Nothing new there, but you don't think picking the right hybrid for the right situation, finally,

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ones that are going to give you that high yield year to year that as the challenging part sometimes.

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So, you know, today we'll talk a little bit about some hybrids. Talk a little bit about some green snap and lodging ratings.

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Those those are two things that we typically have potential reduce yields in corn.

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Green snap especially. So if we can avoid some of those hybrids, I have problems like that up front that in the end, that's really what we need to do.

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So also need to look at some hybrids that are 112 to 120 day relative maturity.

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You know, we can grow some hybrids that are shorter season than that, than that.

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But typically we're just not going to have that yield potential as some of those more full season hybrids, especially in our irrigated fields.

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We also need to keep in mind we still do have refuge requirements if we're growing BT corn.

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And so most of our hybrids and the technology, we still are required to have a 20 percent refuge requirement.

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So keep that in mind. And also that they are not necessarily part of hybrid selection,

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but what insecticides see treatment you get on the on the hybrid you end up choosing is also important.

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So gotten in the past,

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we've had people plant into cover crops or reduce tillage type situation where maybe that lower rate of seed insecticide was not adequate.

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So if you're planning in those situations, I'd say, for instance, as a cover crop,

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maybe increasing that seed insecticide rate up to that 500 level might be beneficial for you.

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So if we look at hybrid maturity and how how that impacts you.

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We've done some more. This is some work we did at Mariana. From 2016 to 2018.

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And this was really more of a standard production practices in this instance.

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We have 38 inch wide rows. We firmly irrigated the plots and planted all the hybrids at thirty four thousand seeds per acre.

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And down here on the bottom, we have relative maturity. So everything was constant.

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Only thing we changed was the relative maturity here. Seventy seven all the way up to 120 day hybrids.

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And I've got this red bar you're just kind of highlighting where yields probably start to level out.

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And if you look at that one hundred twelve hundred fourteen day hybrids add up probably is where we would get the greatest yield.

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We only had this is all out of one company. Something maturity's should be relatively consistent.

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Each of these we only had one hybrid.

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So not say that the 120 day hybrids, UCLASS, that particular hybrid, just didn't quite have quite as much yield as 117 being said.

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Definitely see that tree. And so I get a lot of producers say they want to start earlier on harvest,

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maybe pick 10 or 20 percent of their acreage in plant one hundred and ten hundred twelve day hybrid.

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And that makes sense, especially getting started trying to get corn out ahead of rice or plant soybeans.

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That makes a lot of sense. So but our fall season.

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Hundred and fourteen and up is probably where our main or high yield potential normally is going to be.

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So green snap is another thing we also need to take a look at.

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This is a photo of some of my applause a few years ago. And you know what?

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We know there are some hybrids that have this problem.

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So, you know, green snap we incomes through after the growing point is above the social service and right there at those nodes.

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In this instance, it snapped off right at the solar surface. Sometimes it can be up higher than on what this crop stages when the wind occurs.

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But, you know, those plants laying on the ground are done.

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And so in this instance, you know, we had hybrids out in this this for hybrid trial that made two hundred forty bushel.

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Absolutely no green stamp, no problems at all. This this hybrid here, we ended up maybe about 20 thousand plants per acre.

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And right off the bat, we were all limited ourselves to about one hundred seventy five bushel in this instance.

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So two hundred forty bushel good hybrid versus one that has green snap potential.

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You know, that that that large a yield difference is hard to overcome. So we can have some green, snappy insurance that, you know,

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to me it's a whole lot easier to avoid some of these hybrids that are known to be green snappers and just avoid that problem upfront.

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In 2020, we also had some lodging problems. You know, by every year we may have a little bit,

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especially if some storms come through sometime during the season or if harvest is delayed and 2020 was no exception.

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So we had twenty two storms that come through Laura and Baby Brass and we and especially the south Arkansas wet soil.

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And of course, we had some lodging from man. So we also had a lot of late planted corn and later planted corn is typically taller.

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And so to me, probably a little more prone to lodging. You know, we had some instances where the plant population was pretty high.

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So that's also another factor that could increase logging. So, you know, to me, we had a perfect setup for some logging problems.

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And if you go across them across the state back in September and see all these large fields, you'd see one across the road.

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It didn't having problems. So, you know, it was very hybrid dependent.

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And fortunately for us, I guess yield trials were impacted.

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But the best part about it, we were able to take out some hybrids that just not going to be able to stay.

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And if they're left out in the field and have some wind. And this is a trial.

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What I'm talking about here, this is a hybrid trial at the Southeast Research and Extension Center near Rowan.

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And this trial that I'm outlining here with the cursor, this is all it was, a hybrid trial.

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Same plant population, same fertility, same everything.

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But you couldn't you could see some hybrids out there that just didn't want to stand very well.

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These are four plots. If I've had a whole field of these, you know, some of these would have been on the ground.

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And you look at our border plots, border area back here stood great.

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So definitely we know that there's a lot of differences in hybrids.

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So if you go on the ground and really try to walk through some of these plots, a hybrid here on the left stood perfectly.

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Absolutely no wind damage, no lodging. If you look at that, you think that there wasn't any storm that came through.

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You go for rose over and you get a plot, you get on a walk through.

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So no one which hybrids could stand to, to me is, you know, the key for getting optimum yields and of course, maximizing and profit.

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So in this instance, you know, the hybrid on the left, I think it made about 240.

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And the one on the right we use could get it all picked up and of course, as one of the lowest yielding hybrids in that trial.

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So lodging definitely something we want to try to avoid.

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We also over the few last few years or several years, you know, our core plant populations have been increasing.

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And I think in general, that's one of the reasons how ways that we have increased yields.

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So, you know, twenty eight thousand is probably on the lonely and now there's a lot more corn planted.

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Thirty six thousand. So they were off. One of the downsides to increasing plant populations is logging potential.

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So this is a trial we had. This is adjacent to the one we just looked at.

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This is at the Southeast Research and Extinction Center abroad.

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And for hybrids here and five plant populations, some really, really low 12000 all the way up to forty two thousand plants per acre.

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So these hybrids in this where I've got outlined in this red box go all the way through.

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So hybrid one all goes all the way through here.

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Start here all the way back here. So if you look down, go down this line, hybrid one, really no logging problems at all.

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Hybrid two, as we increase that plant population, we definitely ran into some problems.

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So that's one thing we got to keep in mind. There's certain hybrids that, you know, the ones that can't stand.

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Those are the ones we probably don't need to go real high on the plant population.

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So just keep that in mind.

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So if we take a scalpel mass here and we've talked a lot about some hybrids, you know, ones to avoid or some some of the particulars about them.

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So what I want to do now is just go through some of our hybrid testing results.

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This is there are what I'd call the official corn hybrid performance trials.

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And so typically, we always want to get multi-year averages if we can.

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And, you know, there's a lot of turnover in hybrids and some of these hybrids.

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We just don't have to your averages. But that's that's what I've got up here. Hybrids with two year averages.

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And this is from an average of our trials at Rohwer Mariana, which would be silt loam soils and Khaja, which would be a Sharky Clay.

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So these numbers here represent an average of six trials.

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And I've got them in numerical order here, 230 all the way down to 13.

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So not that much of a spread. So a lot of these hybrids on this chart will yield well.

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But there are some differences out there and how they're going to green snap potential and lodging.

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So Top Gear would just go through some of these decades.

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Sixty five. Ninety five. It's know a little bit surprised that it was up at the top on this chart.

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You go back and look it stands well. Low green snap potential consistent.

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So that's really what we're looking at. So 230 bushel. 

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Sixty eight. Sixty nine. Same yield. But it's one that, you know, if I was going to grow it, I'd want to planted early.

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It tends to get pretty tall. Does it have a big green snap potential.

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So, you know, that would be one that you just need to be aware of that DeKalb.

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Seventy twenty seven. Been round three or four years, maybe more.

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Not always been pretty consistent for us. A couple hundred and twenty day hybrids that may not be for everybody, but it does have a low green snap.

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Potential does stand well in the field and you know, it's going to give us good yields as well.

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DeKalb. Sixty two, fifty three. One hundred and twelve day hybrid.

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Probably a replacement for the DeKalb, 60 to eight, which had been around several years.

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Sixty two. Fifty three lo green snap Prius stood pretty well this year.

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So you get those two combinations and it's stood the yields up there as well.

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Pioneer in the 40s. Sixty four and eighteen forty seven.

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Both yielded very well lo green snap. I would probably tend to play a little bit early.

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They can't get tall if you play on. I mean they may.

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And you know, those two are ones that have if I had had options on which hybrids get out early to harvest 30 to voice late season lodging,

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those would be ones I'd try to get out or I could get great yield.

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So Dekalb of sixty five, ninety nine and nearer one hundred fifteen to a hybrid.

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Little bit of green snap potential there. And there are trials still up there.

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Two hundred twenty seven bushel agri gold.

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Sixty five forty four hundred twelve day has been really consistent in our trials the last four or five years.

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Not much green snap potential there. So we'll get good yields local.

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Fifteen seventy seven, one hundred and fifteen day. Same thing.

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You know north, the south is one that does perform pretty consistently.

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For AgriGold six six five nine and our Dyna-Gro fifty seven DC fifty one.

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Those hybrids have been around. Gosh I'd have to go back probably seven or eight years, maybe longer than that.

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And they're still say a widely grown still one of our yield leaders, both of us stand well late season.

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Well with the one thing I don't don't like about it, they do have some green snap.

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Reist earlier in the season, Dyns-Gro fifty five VC80 stood real well for us.

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The newer hybrid great plant health late season stood well.

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Two hundred twenty bushel decay of sixty seven. Forty four.

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Seems like this has been the yield leader last two three years.

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Maybe not going to say he's getting a little bit of slippage, but it's getting some age on of steel.

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You know, really consistent for me. But it is one that if you do leave it in the field, can have some lodging problems later on.

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Progeny eighty one sixteen. That was one of the hybrids I had.

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And that plant population study showed earlier in this presentation that stood well, high population stands really well.

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Consistent yields special in South Arkansas, progeny ninety one seventeen consistent north to south, been around several years.

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Good, good, solid hybrid. They're the same thing on the deep Dyna-gro.

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Fifty eight B.C. Sixty five, one hundred eighteen day hybrid.

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You know a lot of people have had really good luck with that one and still out there this year.

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Done. And also the progeny nine one one for north, the south stands well.

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We'll also be one to take a look at some of hybrids to choose from out there this year.

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I know some of the increase in demand for corn seed may make.

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Some of these hybrids will be in order, get older or get some booked.

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We also have a lot of interest in conventional corn in this past year.

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I would estimate fifteen percent of our corn acreage was conventional corn and most

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of that would have been in northeast Arkansas in a few areas in central Arkansas.

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So I always get questions about what hybrids are available in a conventional version.

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And that always seems to be a little bit of a limiting factor sometimes that we do have options.

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We got a new one DKC of sixty five. Ninety two would be the conventional version that would be new for twenty twenty once.

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That might be one to take a look at it. If the seed would be available, the aggregate was sixty six fifty nine.

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AgriGold sixty five. Seventy two to grow 57. Sisi fifty one and one.

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That was an all this list, one tested in this past year upon your eighteen seventies.

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Also one, it pretty widely grown in the conventional market. So I'd say there's not others out there.

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The ones that we've been tested in are that stacked roundup hybrids.

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It's tested in our OBD. These are the ones that also have a conventional version.

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So the key to high yielding corn in twenty twenty one.

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Of course, we got to select the best hybrid for conditions, just what we talked about just a little bit ago.

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Get it planted correctly. You know, that ball's a lot of different things.

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But planning day. But, you know, we don't always have to be the earliest planet to get the top kill and corn.

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You know, we can't correct a poor state. We've got to have a good stand up front to get a good yield.

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And so if that mind. We don't have to be the earliest planning that planning days early planning is beneficial a lot of years.

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We'll hear a little bit about fertility and we control later in this presentation.

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Timeliness of all inputs is critical. Just keep in mind, there's no one single thing that's going to give you the top you most profit in 20 more.

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Twenty one yield is really limited by whatever is most limiting.

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So if you do everything right and you're a little bit late on fertilizer or irrigation is going to be your most limiting factor.

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So. OK, switching gears a little bit, grain, sorghum.

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Looks like we're going to have a lot more grain sorghum in twenty twenty one and it'll last three or four years,

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we've only had maybe maybe ten thousand acres of grain sorghum in the state some years less.

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And if you go back to 2015, we had over 400000 acres of grain sorghum.

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You know, that's a huge jump that year.

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And if you go back and look at the markets that particular year, grain price for grain, sorghum got over five dollars.

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Well, today you can sell book grain sorghum for August and September, deliveries of twenty twenty one for five dollars.

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So, you know, because of that, we are definitely going to see some more grain sorghum in 2021.

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So, you know, in this shorter presentation, we can't get into a lot of detail.

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But planning date is really pretty critical for success in grain sorghum for a lot of reasons.

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But, you know, when I say early, a lot of time probably to be a little bit where you're at north to south.

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But April planted is really probably where the hash eagles are.

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So this is a planning day study we did of marijuana over six years.

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And I've got had a lot of planning dates and I've grouped in by April, May and June.

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And we have our relative yield portage low here. So you're looking at it really easy to see.

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Where has you pretty much was April. Now we can plant into early May, some years.

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We may have the yield between Joe, but we get into later May. We're definitely not.

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So and also insect wise sugarcane aphid head worms sort of Midge.

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You know, we have a lot less issues with April planted versus May or definitely June plan.

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And so we want to plant early, but we don't want to plant too early.

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So green sorghum, we, as we know, not as tall, cold, tolerant as corn know probably more in line on cold towns with cotton.

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So we're starting to plant cotton. You know, it's time we planted Greensward in most instances.

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And so I don't like planning by the calendar. And a lot of times we look at the calendar, it's time to plan.

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And a lot of times it may be.

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But, you know, look at look at that planting window, what that forecast is, what your soil temperature is, you know, ideally 70 degrees.

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But, you know, if it's 60 degrees and we get a good window, three day, seven days, no heavy rain, Kellin,

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you get in a plant, that is probably going to be a good time to go ahead and plant some to cool, get a rain on it.

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And then we all we see this every year. We get some herbicide stress.

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So maybe we put two pounds of atrazine after planting in the cold conditions get a rain.

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You know, that just leads to problems, uneven emergence, uneven growth.

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And unfortunately, a lot of that carries through to even maturity. And when you're trying to control me edge or doing a harvest day.

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So we wanted to come up uniform, grow off uniform and, you know, putting out two pounds of atrazine right after planting.

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Maybe we need to put to hold back a little bit that atrazine. We're going to need some later on anyway.

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So early planting is beneficial, but we don't want to go too early.

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You know, our hybrid selection in grain sorghum is also very important.

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So I've got the over 80 grain sorghum hybrid performance data from 2020 up here.

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Now, this is just data from 2020.

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I tried to go back and look at two year averages through your averages and all, and I've just got three or four hybrids available.

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So we had irrigated trials.

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We had three trials irrigated. Two were not irrigated. So I've got the top irrigated and non irrigated on the other side here.

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But Dyna-Gro M Sixty nine, JAB 38 was their top end irrigated.

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Hundred and fifty three bushel. These are small plots, not a whole field basis but sure.

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But awfully good yields here. Fourth, we here in the know on your gate.

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So a lot of these are pretty good. Probably pretty widely adapted irrigated or dry land DKA.

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Fifty one to one in is around several years. One hundred and fifty year.

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Fourth and fifth in the non irrigated. Some others that were not tested in 2020.

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That probably out there that have been tested in past years. Pioneer eighty four.

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Eighty one probably for top fields under irrigated conditions.

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You know, I think that's probably where I would keep it, maybe not put it on dry land or the tougher type situations.

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If you were going to have some dry land, tougher, maybe you go with the pioneer 83 to 70.

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Also a newer one that wasn't tested this past year, decamp 50 four, 07.

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Want to take a look at as well. So we've got some hybrids out there. Maybe the selection is not all that great,

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specially since we got a huge increase in grain sorghum production in Arkansas, but also Texas, Kansas, Oklahoma.

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And so, you know, probably going to be pretty short supply on while these hybrids.

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So keep that in mind when you're trying to find some.

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Also hear a lot about sugar cane aphid tolerant hybrids, and that ad is a thing, and so, you know, we've talked about that earlier planning date,

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but if you're planning early, maybe having a sugar cane aphid tolerant hybrid may not be as critical.

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But if you're planning and May especially June, you know, that gives you a little more protection.

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You still may have to spray for sugar cane aphids, but they're just the plant didn't respond quite negatively towards aphids as some of these others.

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So you're little bit they are too light on spray navys. Maybe that's not as detrimental versus the one that didn't have a tolerance.

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So there are hybrids that are sugarcane aphid tolerant out there. And I would be looking at those if I were planning late.

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All right, so just a just a quick rundown on some things we can do.

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Poor, successful green sort of production. And you know what?

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One thing we sometimes forget about is what was in that field last year.

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So lot of instances we're going to be playing grain sorghum on (?) fields that were in soybeans last year.

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They have pigweed problems. So what do we do it for, pigweed management?

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Well, we put out residual herbicides, so overlapping residual herbicides.

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So go back to work, make sure you're not going to have some problems there that lead to a low yield or just not successful grain sorghum crop plant.

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Get the right hybrid early planting date. You know, I'd like to plan in April for most part of the state, if I can.

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April, early May, seeding rates. We can run the rates on.

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But I think a lot of times it did really help us. So non irrigated, maybe sixty thousand seeds, breaker irrigated.

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Eighty thousand grain sorghum. Got a lot of ability to compensate for the stand's (?) fertility.

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We control you like everything else. We've got to have everything done right to have a good successful crop.

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Appreciate your attention today. And we're going to have some questions here momentarily.

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But at first, I just want to say a lot of this information you got here today in my talk as well as

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others was partially funded by the Arkansas Corn and Grain Sorghum Promotion Board.

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That's where some of your checkoff dollars were spent. And I've also got my contact information down here at the bottom.

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So if you don't get your question answered here shortly. Just got my contact info, cell phone e-mail.

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Call my cell phone or and email. Be more than happy to answer any questions you have.

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So thank you for your time and talk to you later.

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OK, great. Now, after each presentation,

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we're gonna go ahead and open it up for questions and then also at the end we'll

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have some time for some questions if you don't get your questions answered. So going through the question answer box, we've got a couple of them here.

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We pull this up here. First question was, are these slides going to be available in printed form?

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And so each of these five presentations today and the upcoming other crop production means will also be available online.

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I don't know that they are available in a printed form, but if you would like a printed form, I'm sure we could get get a copy and see into you.

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But these videos will be available on our extension Web site here in the next few days.

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Once the presentations are all over with. All right.

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The another question was, let's answer this one here, the question is, have you looked at short statured hybrids?

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And I assume we're talking about short step statured corn hybrids.

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And so if you read some of the articles, Foreign Press or Farm Journal,

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you know that that's that seems like the up and coming thing short to short hybrids.

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So I have not looked at those in I guess the thought process is if you've got a shorter statured plant, you know,

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the concept is you're probably going to be planting a lot more seed,

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had more plants out there, even though the plant, the yield per plant may be last.

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But if you plant more plants or yield overall will be going up. So that's that's something that I imagine in future we'll be looking at.

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I know some of the other companies, Stein, I think Dicamba know they had Oracle here a while back looking at some of that.

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So that may be something that's coming up. But, you know, right now we have not looked at that.

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All right. Let's see here another question.

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What are the acreage expectations for this year?

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And, you know, if you follow the crop report that came out today on the corn side, it said we.

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US yield was down a little bit this year. And if you look at the markets leased earlier this morning, they were up quite a little bit.

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So with a rise in price there before Christmas, which has continued through today.

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And we also got the increase in today from the USDA crop report.

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I really feel like the corn acreage will be up.

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This past year, we were anticipated to plant about a hundred thousand acres due to weather and probably low commodity prices.

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We want to plant at about six hundred twenty thousand acres.

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So, you know, even if we were back to where we were last year, we'd be looking at eight hundred thousand range, maybe more.

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And that depend on what the markets keep doing. So. All right.

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Question, other question here. Get down here. How important is it to plant corn?

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Two inches deep and let's say in the short talk today, we did.

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We didn't have a lot of time to go and a lot of detail. But guys want to talk a little bit more.

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Contact info is out there. Just feel free to hit me up.

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Yeah. For corn planting, depth is really important.

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Every year we have some problems that, you know, a producer will plant seems like on maybe some fluffy beds or fluffy ground recently tailed.

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We plant maybe an inch and a half deep. We get some rains on it.

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Then all of a sudden, what we planted in each half is now half inch deeper, every inch deep.

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And so we can have some root development problems there that, you know, we just have trouble overcoming.

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So, yeah, that's one thing. You know, we talk about doing everything correct in corn planting, getting a planet correctly.

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We're getting it planted two inches deep is also one of those things that we're just going to have to do.

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All right. And we got a couple of questions here.

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One. Is there any problems with Dicamba draft on corn and grain sorghum?

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And I think I'm going to defer that one to Tom a little bit later on the program.

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He can talk a little bit more about Dicamba and as we control option or maybe in a draft and corn and grain sorghum.

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And we also have another question probably related to herbicides in grain sorghum.

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What's it? It's availability. And even grain sorghum is herbicide tolerant.

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Grain sorghum is tolerant to the (?)

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And that's something new. And so the seed for that is going to be pretty limited this year.

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And so, Tom, he may be able to comment a little bit more on that. So.

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But OK, well, I think currently that maybe all the questions that we're going to answer on corn and so right now.

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Thank you for the questions and let's see if you have more later on or think of it later on.

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You put that in the Q&A box and we'll get to that at the end of the session.

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Or if we don't get to it, I can contact you directly. So. So now it's time to move on to Dr. Tom Barber.

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Extinction. We scientists who talk about we control in corn and grain, sorghum.

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Hey, this is Tom Barber, professor and extension weed scientist with the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture.

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Today is a part of our county winter production meeting series. I'm going to be talking about weecd control in corn and grain sorghum.

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First, I'd like to take a look at Homer pigweed in Arkansas or Palmer Amaranth, as we know over the years,

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we've had increased resistance in this way to several key herbicide modes of action,

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from yellow herbicides, ILF herbicides, up to glad aside resistance in 2013, which was watch, create have recently.

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We've identified populations of PPO resistance that are fairly widespread across the state that have occurred since 2015.

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And those counties are highlighted in red here on the right.

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In addition, recently, MMetalachlo resistance over the last couple of years has been found in three counties with pigweed populations there.

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Now we don't believe Metalachlor resistance is as widespread as PPO resistance,

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but obviously we are concerned that it is increasing across the state because these Group 15

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herbicide residuals are what we used to manage pigweed basically through the season right now,

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at least from a residual standpoint. In addition,

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these counties in blue and the map to the top of the slide are pigweed populations

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that are tolerant to post applications of our corn herbicides or HPPD herbicides.

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So that herbicide classic chemistry includes herbicides like Callisto or MesoTryOne,

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which is in hale or lawdis or compreno, common corn herbicides that are used most of margins.

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We have populations of pigweed in the state that if all we use were those herbicides, we'd have a lot of failures.

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And so it's really important to know the population of Palmer that you're dealing with on the

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farm level so you can select the right products and right to get as good control as possible.

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In addition, and unfortunately, there is something else I want to talk about.

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Last year in a couple of cotton fields, I went out to some control failures from glufosinate.

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This came from northeast Arkansas, went out, sampled the fields, sprayed a little Liberty on top of those pigweed.

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And then I wrote a blog article about not seeing much control out of my dousing liberty in the field.

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And so we collected seed from those populations and they were currently growing in a greenhouse.

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That viable, is it? As you can see, our first rate titration study is very concerning here.

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And so this is rates of Liberty from 16 ounces, 32 ounces, up to two hundred and fifty six ounces,

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which is a very high rate, rate of liberty here in the trade to the right.

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And we still have survivors. And so obviously, this causes us great concern, especially in cotton.

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We rely on glufonsinate heavily for polymer pigweed control since the wash rate occurrence of officemate resistance.

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So we're following up with these pigweed populations right now.

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We have three in the greenhouse that we're concerned about. We're continue to do right titration studies.

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But it looks like at the very least, we're going to have some increased tolerance in a couple of populations of there with liberty or blue fascinate.

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So it just drives home the point that we've been talking about for several years now.

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We've got to diversify our systems when we're talking about power pigweed, we we can no longer talk about a herbicide only approach.

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Herbicide is the easy answer, but it's not going to always work.

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And right now, it's not the best answer for the way our pigweed populations are going in Arkansas.

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So incorporating a systematic approach, using several cultural and mechanical methods are going to have to become our foundation.

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Unfortunately, moving forward at least into either new technologies with new herbicide modes of

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action are developed and even need to protect those new technologies and herbicides.

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We're gonna incorporate or we're gonna have to incorporate these cultural practices.

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Now, since it's the corn talk, I'm not going to talk about a lot of these,

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but corn is is a good crop rotation for us in the fight against big wheat because we

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can use several different herbicides and corn that we cannot use in other crops.

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So that's a benefit for corn. Being able to plant earlier is a benefit from corn.

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You know, sanitation of our non crop areas and equipment is important regardless of which crop we grow, claiming that equipment,

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cleaning up our turn roads and bridges and equipment yards is crucial to reduce the spread on our farms from field for you,

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optimizing application rates of herbicides. That's crucial regardless of the crop.

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We talk about in seed bank management now, we can't focus much on harvest.

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We see control at this time in corn. But what we can do is once we harvest that corn crop,

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we can make sure that any piece we that are left don't go to seed or if they've gone to see, we remove them out of that field.

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And so we need to really in our corn rotation, focus on not allowing leftover pig.

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We go to see following corn harvest and take whatever steps necessary to clean those fields up.

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So particularly in corn, we control we can plant early.

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And that's a benefit, especially when we're talking about Palmer pigweed,

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because we can plant prior to a heavy germination window of Palmer, Amaranth or pigweed.

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So planting early is a huge benefit for us in a corn wheat control system.

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We know we can lose yield early on if we if we're not careful with corn,

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that first eight weeks is going to be critical to make sure we maintain our weight control.

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When you consider including residual herbicides and I think most people use it in season,

384
00:41:21,000 --> 00:41:25,000
what I mean here is maybe consider using that residual herbicide and burn down

385
00:41:25,000 --> 00:41:30,000
to carry over into the season because everybody wants a one shot program.

386
00:41:30,000 --> 00:41:34,000
And a lot of times there's not a one shot program that fits everything.

387
00:41:34,000 --> 00:41:43,000
But in my opinion, we've got a better chance to use a one shot post if we include a residual with our burned verdict fits that window.

388
00:41:43,000 --> 00:41:46,000
Well, especially from a pigweed management standpoint,

389
00:41:46,000 --> 00:41:54,000
a lot of Bradlees helps us with winter annual burn down for about everything that we're dealing with at that time.

390
00:41:54,000 --> 00:42:00,000
Other than ryegrass, and if we've got a bad rod grass scenario, we might want to consider lead off and planning or rent.

391
00:42:00,000 --> 00:42:09,000
Dan Rivers self your on which is in laid off, has pretty good ryegrass activity as long as that ryegrass population's not álex resistant.

392
00:42:09,000 --> 00:42:19,000
We do know that one shot programs can fail. And like I said, I think that's the preferred approach to corn we control is getting it all done at once.

393
00:42:19,000 --> 00:42:25,000
But it can fail for several reasons. The first reason it can fail is just applications that are not made timely.

394
00:42:25,000 --> 00:42:30,000
Timely applications are key to success. Product selection is key to success.

395
00:42:30,000 --> 00:42:34,000
Using multiple modes of action in that herbicide mix is going to be key.

396
00:42:34,000 --> 00:42:41,000
Use the appropriate rates based on soul time. A lot of growers want to reduce the rates that their makes in multiple products together.

397
00:42:41,000 --> 00:42:48,000
For polymer pigweed, that's not what we need to do. We need to keep our rates high and use multiple modes of action.

398
00:42:48,000 --> 00:42:54,000
And this is just a data set taken from last season 2020 and Mariana, Arkansas.

399
00:42:54,000 --> 00:43:05,000
There's nothing special necessarily about this dataset other than we're just looking at pre only post pre only programs versus post only applications.

400
00:43:05,000 --> 00:43:09,000
And so this is a one shot programs for your post. Blue bars of pink.

401
00:43:09,000 --> 00:43:13,000
We control orange bars or barnyard grass. This is in the season writing.

402
00:43:13,000 --> 00:43:20,000
So in September, right at harvest, we looked to see how good of a job we did and what we had left in the field.

403
00:43:20,000 --> 00:43:26,000
And as you can see, for the most part, statistically, these programs are going to separate.

404
00:43:26,000 --> 00:43:32,000
We had some control pigweed a little bit better than others, but most of them less of pigweed in the field.

405
00:43:32,000 --> 00:43:39,000
We had some control grass a little better and others the worse. On the barnyard grass was the pre only, the application of (V)for atrazine.

406
00:43:39,000 --> 00:43:45,000
And you'll see that here in a minute. It's not a whole lot of residual. Here to help us with the grass, please, alone.

407
00:43:45,000 --> 00:43:52,000
So when you look at the data, there's not a lot of difference there and we've probably preserve yield in this scenario,

408
00:43:52,000 --> 00:43:56,000
but we're also leaving things to go to see at the end of the year.

409
00:43:56,000 --> 00:44:02,000
And if we just take a look at what that looks like. Again, these are our one shot pre program.

410
00:44:02,000 --> 00:44:09,000
So at planning, we tell these fields and planted into freshly tilled beds with the present untreated on the left.

411
00:44:09,000 --> 00:44:14,000
And then, ah, then this first plot is just two quarts of atrazine, two pints of (?).

412
00:44:14,000 --> 00:44:19,000
That's two pounds and two pounds right up front. It's it's very cheap.

413
00:44:19,000 --> 00:44:23,000
We've done a good job preserve preserving yield, but we're losing it at the end of the year,

414
00:44:23,000 --> 00:44:29,000
we're going to have more inglorious pig pigweed and grasses left when we go into harvest their crop,

415
00:44:29,000 --> 00:44:36,000
when we include more modes of action, such as inverted residual with atrazine at the time of this picture.

416
00:44:36,000 --> 00:44:42,000
We're still pretty Tassell here. But but excellent. We control Bertocchi 10 ounces plus Eja without.

417
00:44:42,000 --> 00:44:46,000
That was a good job. We've maintained our yield most likely.

418
00:44:46,000 --> 00:44:55,000
We've got some wheat starting to merge, so it's not going to be as robust as if we had the atrazine in that Corvus Warren atrazine.

419
00:44:55,000 --> 00:45:03,000
This is similar to a Bayer type program. Again, a lot of grasses that Abreau scattered pigweed morning glories in that plot.

420
00:45:03,000 --> 00:45:09,000
And this is the one I showed you that had the really poor barnyard grass control lyter on Rezac or atrazine.

421
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:15,000
That's not one we want to include up front as a pre only program.

422
00:45:15,000 --> 00:45:18,000
In the last one and here's a check again, the last one is accurate.

423
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:27,000
Next hour plus atrazine again, Basant, very similar to the verdict Zidua atrazine we saw earlier.

424
00:45:27,000 --> 00:45:31,000
And so what about post? And these are all we're all a plot at B, too.

425
00:45:31,000 --> 00:45:39,000
Again, these are just kind of not necessarily company programs, but programs like your a lot of people putting out and go into corn.

426
00:45:39,000 --> 00:45:43,000
So Katrina war and atrazine plus roundup.

427
00:45:43,000 --> 00:45:50,000
Again at BE2, where we see this picture, very clean plot there.

428
00:45:50,000 --> 00:45:58,000
The resin core atrazine roundup looks a lot better in that early post window than it looked from a residual prey standpoint.

429
00:45:58,000 --> 00:46:05,000
Residual atrazine roundup. Really good. There are Rhasaan Pro Atrazine Roundup.

430
00:46:05,000 --> 00:46:09,000
You know, the one thing about the Zeder atrazine roundup is it doesn't have that HPV,

431
00:46:09,000 --> 00:46:14,000
which can be imported if we're talking about more and more residual, more and more control.

432
00:46:14,000 --> 00:46:23,000
And we don't have much more in glory in this plot. But if we did, we'd say morning glories escaping that pretty quick AMAs on atrazine roundup.

433
00:46:23,000 --> 00:46:30,000
Again, pretty clean block there. So not a whole lot of differences. And here we have the Akron X or atrazine.

434
00:46:30,000 --> 00:46:35,000
So a few escapes maybe, but overall, pretty decent. We control there.

435
00:46:35,000 --> 00:46:40,000
Again, regardless of program, we can do a good job. We can use several different products.

436
00:46:40,000 --> 00:46:45,000
The trick is making sure all the modes of action there and all in all those mixes.

437
00:46:45,000 --> 00:46:52,000
And what about yield? If we look at yield from this chart on the left is yield from our free only applications chart on the right.

438
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:57,000
Most only applications, if we just set a one, not a bushel or not,

439
00:46:57,000 --> 00:47:03,000
it shows we had more in our post only programs higher than that than we did the pre only.

440
00:47:03,000 --> 00:47:09,000
And you can see where we lost some of that grass and control in grasses. Highly competitive, especially with the grass crop like corn.

441
00:47:09,000 --> 00:47:13,000
So we want to make sure we maintain that grass control everywhere.

442
00:47:13,000 --> 00:47:17,000
We we lost a little grass. We we lost a little yield.

443
00:47:17,000 --> 00:47:25,000
So, again, the post programs in this particular example are one year dataset look good.

444
00:47:25,000 --> 00:47:29,000
Now, I have seen it not looked as good when we delay to the forward.

445
00:47:29,000 --> 00:47:34,000
So go on in and hit. That timely application is key to making that look good.

446
00:47:34,000 --> 00:47:40,000
And it all looks a lot better than our untreated here. That's down around one forty.

447
00:47:40,000 --> 00:47:46,000
What about if we're in a county that has these multiple resistant pigweed populations?

448
00:47:46,000 --> 00:47:50,000
And this is some data from Marion, Arkansas in twenty nineteen.

449
00:47:50,000 --> 00:48:00,000
This population of pigweed is HPD, dual PPO, glad to DNA and a less resistant.

450
00:48:00,000 --> 00:48:03,000
So it's resistant to all those things I listed earlier.

451
00:48:03,000 --> 00:48:09,000
But, you know, and this is these are pre only programs I'm showing you versus our untreated Haak.

452
00:48:09,000 --> 00:48:13,000
You're on in a quarter atrazine. Again, one shot's not going to clean all that up.

453
00:48:13,000 --> 00:48:20,000
We've protected you likely. But but we're gonna have a lot of pigweed go to seed in that scenario.

454
00:48:20,000 --> 00:48:30,000
Corvus Atrazine. More pigweed than in the previous plot we saw and they inverted residual atrazine, all that planning still looks good at this point.

455
00:48:30,000 --> 00:48:33,000
Later in the year, we likely have escape's here.

456
00:48:33,000 --> 00:48:42,000
So, again, it's important in a system where we are in a situation or feel where you have multiple bruises that big, we it's important that we use.

457
00:48:42,000 --> 00:48:50,000
I have my opinion two applications and multiple modes of action in each one in order to maintain control sleeze alone.

458
00:48:50,000 --> 00:48:54,000
So just to wrap it up on core weight control, again, plan early if possible,

459
00:48:54,000 --> 00:49:02,000
as early as possible from from my standpoint, a weight control standpoint, include a residual head bar down, if you can.

460
00:49:02,000 --> 00:49:10,000
And I like verdict in this window. Again, it takes care a lot of our winter annual mixes, especially put it with Roundup and some MSO.

461
00:49:10,000 --> 00:49:16,000
If we have ryegrass, you might want to consider laid off in that window with that, with the rock grass control.

462
00:49:16,000 --> 00:49:22,000
If we tried for a total pre three harborside modes of action are going to be necessary up front.

463
00:49:22,000 --> 00:49:29,000
Don't skimp on the rights. I think a total post is probably gonna be a little more successful than the total pre.

464
00:49:29,000 --> 00:49:38,000
If you get in there timely and make that application before the weeds get to be include multiple modes of action in the mix.

465
00:49:38,000 --> 00:49:42,000
I still think atrazine is going to be the backbone in that total post and we

466
00:49:42,000 --> 00:49:48,000
don't need to skip all those rights and are of anything much less atrazine.

467
00:49:48,000 --> 00:49:54,000
But I still believe and I've got data to support this over long term studies to ask a really better than one.

468
00:49:54,000 --> 00:50:02,000
So I'm putting out something free or even with that bar down and then coming back in twelve inch born prior to our atrazine cut off is gonna be key,

469
00:50:02,000 --> 00:50:06,000
I think in most systems to maintain the CS,

470
00:50:06,000 --> 00:50:14,000
allow control and have few big pigweed to deal with light season or fewer pigweed to do with after harvest.

471
00:50:14,000 --> 00:50:19,000
And the big thing is destroy the left over pigweed. Fall and harvest is not gonna be perfect.

472
00:50:19,000 --> 00:50:21,000
Never. No system's gonna be perfect.

473
00:50:21,000 --> 00:50:30,000
But we need to make sure we're not adding that seed back to the seed bank because it's just going to lead to trouble further down the road.

474
00:50:30,000 --> 00:50:34,000
If you knew Harborside's all to talk about that, a registered for twenty twenty one,

475
00:50:34,000 --> 00:50:41,000
the first ones, Raboteau on, it's a PPO harbourside top in a SEAL, very similar to sharp.

476
00:50:41,000 --> 00:50:47,000
And right now, fresh off her burned down and crop desiccation actually believed for soybeans anyway.

477
00:50:47,000 --> 00:50:49,000
May be a better desiccant than sharpen is right now.

478
00:50:49,000 --> 00:50:57,000
Just looked at it one year so we don't have a lot of hard, fast date on it is just something that's new that I wanted to bring to your attention.

479
00:50:57,000 --> 00:51:04,000
Plant back intervals if we're using it for bar down or you're trying to. Zero days for corn and wheat, 14 days soybean and cotton.

480
00:51:04,000 --> 00:51:10,000
Again, I compare it very similar to a schavan in that burned down window without residual.

481
00:51:10,000 --> 00:51:19,000
It doesn't have the residual chaff in that. Cynics say night is a pretty makes a blue foster night into Paramus home.

482
00:51:19,000 --> 00:51:25,000
This is a corn harborside from Ambac registered for Liberty Lane, corn or corn with liberty tolerance.

483
00:51:25,000 --> 00:51:30,000
And that's the biggest key to this Harborside, is don't spray it if you don't have liberty,

484
00:51:30,000 --> 00:51:37,000
tolerance in your corn hybrid or you're likely going to be replanting that field as something else because you're going to kill it from the liberty.

485
00:51:37,000 --> 00:51:44,000
But make sure it's resisted delivery prior to application. It's a very hot makes, especially with a port, a Hatchers eight.

486
00:51:44,000 --> 00:51:53,000
So a quarter atrazine plus anight, excellent treatment postum margins of four for always adding a residual group.

487
00:51:53,000 --> 00:51:59,000
Fifteen can help again extend that residual from just the Senate and the atrazine.

488
00:51:59,000 --> 00:52:05,000
But but again, it's going to be new out this year and an option.

489
00:52:05,000 --> 00:52:10,000
Fourchon Corn Tough is a another new herbicide registered in corn power, a date.

490
00:52:10,000 --> 00:52:17,000
It's a Peosta inhibitor in the group six category of registered again in corn is not a standalone product.

491
00:52:17,000 --> 00:52:21,000
This is not something that we're just going to read.

492
00:52:21,000 --> 00:52:26,000
We're going to recommend by itself. It can increase control of broadleaf weeds.

493
00:52:26,000 --> 00:52:31,000
We had it with atrazine plus an HPD and my bug control a little bit.

494
00:52:31,000 --> 00:52:34,000
We've seen it, but we've seen it not add a lot sometimes.

495
00:52:34,000 --> 00:52:39,000
But if it's going ahead, it's going to be in that situation with other herbicides,

496
00:52:39,000 --> 00:52:44,000
needs atrazine or HBP in the mix, probably both for the best results.

497
00:52:44,000 --> 00:52:52,000
And there's very little residual to it. But you'll probably hear some about stuff and it will be in the MP 40 for this year.

498
00:52:52,000 --> 00:52:57,000
Grain, sorghum, weight control. Shifting gears just a little bit.

499
00:52:57,000 --> 00:53:02,000
The main key in grain, sorghum, weight control. No one is make sure that seed is concentrated.

500
00:53:02,000 --> 00:53:09,000
I don't know that we can get it not concentrated, but just double check and make sure that it is in a grain sorghum system.

501
00:53:09,000 --> 00:53:17,000
If you have a grow it in a while. The pre is crucial to success, especially when we're talking about grass control.

502
00:53:17,000 --> 00:53:27,000
And so at a minimal due to Magnum, one to one point three pies, PREE is where we need to be if we don't do anything else that needs to go out.

503
00:53:27,000 --> 00:53:32,000
Know LA folks that will put it with a quart of atrazine. Or we can use 10 ounces of Artic.

504
00:53:32,000 --> 00:53:39,000
We can use several different product pre anything with measle trial or listo in not anything.

505
00:53:39,000 --> 00:53:44,000
But a lot of products are registered pre but post you're going to get a lot of injuries.

506
00:53:44,000 --> 00:53:49,000
So this is the pre only application timing there.

507
00:53:49,000 --> 00:53:53,000
Atrazine plus Duell Post. That's the base.

508
00:53:53,000 --> 00:54:02,000
And then you can add Huskey for bigger broadly, especially morning glories and Pigweed Fassett for small grasses gambit.

509
00:54:02,000 --> 00:54:11,000
I don't have it listed here, but Gamba is also an option for morning glories and sedges and other broadleaf weeds, but not pigweed.

510
00:54:11,000 --> 00:54:20,000
So just kind of depends on what you have there. I would say if you have heavy grass pressure or, you know, you're going to have some jobs,

511
00:54:20,000 --> 00:54:26,000
grass or Texas Panicle might consider the Hinz in grain sorghum system for those ways

512
00:54:26,000 --> 00:54:32,000
because we have no answer for Johnson Grass in Texas panicle mean grain sorghum at all,

513
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:40,000
pretty or otherwise, really. And so you need to make sure you know what's in that field before you drop some grain sorghum in there.

514
00:54:40,000 --> 00:54:48,000
But just just to show you that we do get good control with Johnson Grass in the end zone system using zests herbicide, which is Nako.

515
00:54:48,000 --> 00:54:54,000
So if you're on hold, it can use it if it's taller and zests or else excuse me,

516
00:54:54,000 --> 00:55:00,000
his engrain sort of is taller as well as a new system called the hydro system from Holtham seeds.

517
00:55:00,000 --> 00:55:04,000
Technically, they're gonna have a different herbicide, a different Nako registered.

518
00:55:04,000 --> 00:55:13,000
But it's basically the same type system we're using to control Johnson grass populations, and it helps with other grasses as well.

519
00:55:13,000 --> 00:55:19,000
And so just to show you what this can look like and untreated on the left and on the right,

520
00:55:19,000 --> 00:55:24,000
we have we put out to pray and then followed, it was asked atrazine and humanity imposed.

521
00:55:24,000 --> 00:55:30,000
And again, we can make a good program around that. Ian's insistence, even if we have Johnson Grass.

522
00:55:30,000 --> 00:55:38,000
But my thought is, if you know your field Iida with Johnson Grass probably don't plant grapes or in there you'll probably be the best road to take.

523
00:55:38,000 --> 00:55:44,000
And with that, I'd like to wrap it up and acknowledge the Arkansas corner grain soil Rimbaud here.

524
00:55:44,000 --> 00:55:54,000
We appreciate their support and funding each year. It enables us to do a lot of these different harvest program scenarios that I showed you today.

525
00:55:54,000 --> 00:56:02,000
My contact information is here on this last slide, and I'll be happy to take questions when we get to that question answer session.

526
00:56:02,000 --> 00:56:08,000
Thank you. OK.

527
00:56:08,000 --> 00:56:17,000
Well, thank you, Tom. Tell you what, let's on your questions, we was a couple of them that were, I think you touched on a little bit.

528
00:56:17,000 --> 00:56:22,000
First one was Di Cam Drift on corn and grain sorghum, Missouri.

529
00:56:22,000 --> 00:56:32,000
Any any concerns or any any growth stage that a low rate Addai Kamba could or shouldn't causing problems.

530
00:56:32,000 --> 00:56:38,000
All right. Thanks, Jason. Yeah, I think that. You know, we really haven't looked it.

531
00:56:38,000 --> 00:56:45,000
I guess dicamba drift onto corn or grain Sorum as a function of yield, reduction or injury.

532
00:56:45,000 --> 00:56:50,000
But we know that Mocambo is registered as a label product.

533
00:56:50,000 --> 00:56:58,000
And both of those crops. And so we can use that hambo or, you know, safely as far as corn injury.

534
00:56:58,000 --> 00:57:05,000
Now, anybody that's planning on using that camming corn next June or this season needs to check with the Arkansas state,

535
00:57:05,000 --> 00:57:10,000
plant more regulations because we have cut off dates for a specific Doc Cambra products.

536
00:57:10,000 --> 00:57:17,000
And actually, I was looking at the new labels for extended Macs and Eugenia.

537
00:57:17,000 --> 00:57:27,000
And based on the new registration for those two products, I'm not sure that they're going to have a label in crops that are not extant.

538
00:57:27,000 --> 00:57:30,000
And so we're still trying to source some of those out.

539
00:57:30,000 --> 00:57:37,000
So to answer that, I'm not really sure what we're going to have label from a dark canvas standpoint in corn or grain, sorghum.

540
00:57:37,000 --> 00:57:47,000
But, you know, from a drift standpoint, I don't think we're going to see much, if any, injury from those two, from that camera.

541
00:57:47,000 --> 00:57:54,000
OK. Another question, and you drive around the state, especially south Arkansas, you know, March.

542
00:57:54,000 --> 00:58:00,000
You know, we're planning corn and you see you see ryegrass all over the bottom means of fields.

543
00:58:00,000 --> 00:58:05,000
And a lot of times it's all the way across the field. So, you know, if producer Waitstill,

544
00:58:05,000 --> 00:58:11,000
two weeks ahead of planning or two or three weeks ahead of planning and you got ryegrass and you're going into corn,

545
00:58:11,000 --> 00:58:16,000
what, what, what what kind of options do we really have at that point?

546
00:58:16,000 --> 00:58:21,000
Well, if you're if you're leaving it to your planting corn, I think I think we're losing yield already.

547
00:58:21,000 --> 00:58:27,000
So I would. Now, if you've got a ryegrass problem, we need to be talking about things.

548
00:58:27,000 --> 00:58:32,000
Things to do now when temperatures are below freezing. There's really not a whole lot we can do with it.

549
00:58:32,000 --> 00:58:36,000
Oh, we're in a period of winter now where we might not see many days.

550
00:58:36,000 --> 00:58:40,000
Even in the House of 50 year, you know, the upper 50s or something like that.

551
00:58:40,000 --> 00:58:46,000
So it's better to control any weight when they have some growth going on.

552
00:58:46,000 --> 00:58:52,000
I'd like to see temperatures get up into the 50s at a minimum before we spray a lot of fields, probably.

553
00:58:52,000 --> 00:58:54,000
But I would get it on my mind.

554
00:58:54,000 --> 00:59:03,000
And from a control standpoint, we're looking at Harborside's like select, select max, other several generic formulations of that.

555
00:59:03,000 --> 00:59:06,000
So you got to know which one you're spraying.

556
00:59:06,000 --> 00:59:14,000
But a select max equivalent, right, is 16 ounces plus, plus or minus Roundup if you need Roundup in the tank.

557
00:59:14,000 --> 00:59:18,000
That's fine. But if it's a bad ryegrass problem,

558
00:59:18,000 --> 00:59:26,000
I would not take makes a lot of things with Selek because it's hard for select to control this ryegrass under these cool conditions anyway.

559
00:59:26,000 --> 00:59:33,000
And so, you know, in a bad situation, I probably run the select by itself with surfactant or crop,

560
00:59:33,000 --> 00:59:42,000
all depending on the formulation that you have, and then come back with another application for the rest of the Brawley's of Vermaak.

561
00:59:42,000 --> 00:59:48,000
Some plus a P. S two inhibitor is another option that we have the control ragger acid.

562
00:59:48,000 --> 00:59:56,000
And it's one of those things where, you know, we might need two applications regardless of which product we choose.

563
00:59:56,000 --> 01:00:04,000
But if we spread your box on own, it I definitely lack of photosynthetic inhibitor like upon a atrazine and with that to help a translocating kill.

564
01:00:04,000 --> 01:00:09,000
The other one that I mentioned in the presentation was laid off and laid off.

565
01:00:09,000 --> 01:00:14,000
Has Rhim self you're on in it. And we've had some success using of Rhim Self.

566
01:00:14,000 --> 01:00:19,000
You're on in the past to control certain populations of ryegrass.

567
01:00:19,000 --> 01:00:24,000
Now if it's Eilish resistant, we're we're not going to be too happy with that application.

568
01:00:24,000 --> 01:00:29,000
So you kind of have to know what you're dealing with on your farm. But I have had some success with RIM.

569
01:00:29,000 --> 01:00:37,000
So if you're on hand, Nako, so if you're on controlling it after the corn is up, Gysin, if if we don't get it all controlled early,

570
01:00:37,000 --> 01:00:43,000
but by the time we get around to working ground, a lot of times it's ryegrass as Routemaster.

571
01:00:43,000 --> 01:00:47,000
It's so large we can't get rid of it just through tillage alone.

572
01:00:47,000 --> 01:00:52,000
So it's something we need to do pretty soon. Get it. Yeah.

573
01:00:52,000 --> 01:00:56,000
All right, Tom, what atrazine question.

574
01:00:56,000 --> 01:01:06,000
So what's the total season amount of atrazine we can apply and how much would you suggest up front versus your how would you split it out?

575
01:01:06,000 --> 01:01:11,000
I guess total mountain in season, then you split the atrazine out.

576
01:01:11,000 --> 01:01:18,000
Right. So the total amount is two and a half pounds or it's two and a half course if you want to remember it that way.

577
01:01:18,000 --> 01:01:22,000
I think there's no reason that we shouldn't use all of it on every record.

578
01:01:22,000 --> 01:01:28,000
But, you know, if I use it up front, you know, in a two party system, you know,

579
01:01:28,000 --> 01:01:32,000
I put it out probably at a core, did leave me a quart and a half lighter to use.

580
01:01:32,000 --> 01:01:36,000
And some of these pretty mixes I mentioned earlier, some of them might have atrazine with them.

581
01:01:36,000 --> 01:01:47,000
So just kind of have to know what you're dealing with. But we're allowed a max of two and a half course per year on average.

582
01:01:47,000 --> 01:01:55,000
I've got a question. Text texted to me here. So enlist corn from a weed control program.

583
01:01:55,000 --> 01:02:05,000
What does that bring to this? If anything. That's a good question, and I actually got to look at enlist corn for the first time this past season.

584
01:02:05,000 --> 01:02:14,000
And so, you know, when we use so enlist is providing tolerance two to four days, which corn is already fairly taller to that.

585
01:02:14,000 --> 01:02:18,000
It also is providing toddlers to vermin Assads in the FOP chemistry.

586
01:02:18,000 --> 01:02:24,000
So what was Alpha is an example there.

587
01:02:24,000 --> 01:02:26,000
You know, what that brings is a great question.

588
01:02:26,000 --> 01:02:35,000
If if we have let's just say, for example, maybe a Johnson Grass problem, that we're losing control around the.

589
01:02:35,000 --> 01:02:42,000
When we may be able to use a FOP in that scenario to help us control at Johnson Grass for most of our corn acreage,

590
01:02:42,000 --> 01:02:54,000
I don't know that it's gonna add a lot of benefit to current herbicide tolerances that we're growing in the state.

591
01:02:54,000 --> 01:03:02,000
We've got probably one more question here. And I've gotten the question never now then popcorn.

592
01:03:02,000 --> 01:03:07,000
What what what would be a good week control program for popcorn?

593
01:03:07,000 --> 01:03:13,000
And I guess would that would that be the same program you would use in conventional corn?

594
01:03:13,000 --> 01:03:17,000
Right. I think it is. And I get popcorn questions every year.

595
01:03:17,000 --> 01:03:21,000
Jason and I every year have to look it up because I can't remember what I was labeled in popcorn.

596
01:03:21,000 --> 01:03:29,000
But for sure, atrazine and Dool, I think is is available there something covert, you know, don't hold me to this double check your labels.

597
01:03:29,000 --> 01:03:33,000
This is my statement to keep me out of trouble.

598
01:03:33,000 --> 01:03:39,000
But I think that some of the Callisto products are measle trial and products might be labeled in popcorn as well.

599
01:03:39,000 --> 01:03:45,000
And so just double check that before before you apply those.

600
01:03:45,000 --> 01:03:51,000
And. That way, you don't mess up and blame me.

601
01:03:51,000 --> 01:03:59,000
OK. Tom, I got one more question to come in here. You know, you talk about glyphosate resistant Johnson grass.

602
01:03:59,000 --> 01:04:03,000
Of course, you know, most of us are growing glyphosate resistant corn.

603
01:04:03,000 --> 01:04:07,000
So seems like every year you see fields it as has Johnson Grass.

604
01:04:07,000 --> 01:04:11,000
The in the season you wonder what was it? What what happened there?

605
01:04:11,000 --> 01:04:20,000
So if you've got some a lot of Johnson grass in some fields, what, what kind of a herbicide program would you suggest for that situation?

606
01:04:20,000 --> 01:04:26,000
Well, you know, if it's resistant to Roundup, it may also be likely resistant to A-list chemistry.

607
01:04:26,000 --> 01:04:35,000
And really in a roundup ready corn scenario, that's about the only thing that we could add.

608
01:04:35,000 --> 01:04:42,000
I'm sitting here thinking, but, you know, your accent, you or steadfast, you would be good ones to to try.

609
01:04:42,000 --> 01:04:52,000
You don't think you have a less resistance of. Well, I just lost my train of thought, but I had one other thought there.

610
01:04:52,000 --> 01:04:56,000
But, you know, there's just not a lot of answer for sure in Johnson grants.

611
01:04:56,000 --> 01:05:02,000
If we can't control it with random. OK.

612
01:05:02,000 --> 01:05:07,000
All right. Well, Tom, appreciate the question and answer session.

613
01:05:07,000 --> 01:05:13,000
And I think we'll go ahead and go on to our next presenter, Dr. Terry Spurlock.

614
01:05:13,000 --> 01:05:20,000
He's an associate professor and extension plant pathologist. He's going to share some information about corn disease management.

615
01:05:20,000 --> 01:05:28,000
OK. So my name is Dr. Terry Spurlock,

616
01:05:28,000 --> 01:05:36,000
and I'm an extension and research plant pathologist for the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service.

617
01:05:36,000 --> 01:05:46,000
And today, it's my pleasure to present the corn pathology update for the twenty twenty one production meeting series.

618
01:05:46,000 --> 01:05:52,000
So 2020 was pretty typical year for foliar disease in corm, with the exception of Southern Rust.

619
01:05:52,000 --> 01:05:59,000
I think we saw more rust in 2020 than we've seen since twenty seventeen.

620
01:05:59,000 --> 01:06:09,000
I'm not sure there's a typical year in Arkansas row crop production, but I think I think for the most part we saw what we expected to see,

621
01:06:09,000 --> 01:06:19,000
especially given the information that we were getting early in the season and and seeing the amount of rainfall that we had,

622
01:06:19,000 --> 01:06:26,000
a delay in planning of corn and a lot of fields that ended up causing us some issues later on in the season.

623
01:06:26,000 --> 01:06:31,000
One of the issues, though, that that I've seen for a number of years now and I want to talk about a little bit,

624
01:06:31,000 --> 01:06:40,000
is this stunning and this slow, much less vigorous off colored corn?

625
01:06:40,000 --> 01:06:51,000
Now, this is from a field into Shea County. But, you know, sometimes when I'm called out to these fields, they're there, Sandy.

626
01:06:51,000 --> 01:06:57,000
Maybe they had some root, not nematode issues in cotton or soybeans.

627
01:06:57,000 --> 01:07:09,000
And the past testing indicated there might be some some corn pathogenic nematodes there, like stubby root, but sometimes not.

628
01:07:09,000 --> 01:07:13,000
Sometimes there's discussion about starter fertilizer,

629
01:07:13,000 --> 01:07:20,000
maybe not being used or it's just obvious that there's stunning is happening in areas holding water,

630
01:07:20,000 --> 01:07:25,000
heavier ground, maybe be a low spot, maybe the bottom of the field, maybe nothing's obvious,

631
01:07:25,000 --> 01:07:31,000
except the fact that there's these areas that are just not growing off well.

632
01:07:31,000 --> 01:07:36,000
And so we have a problem there. And we've seen it enough that a group of us have put together a project.

633
01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:40,000
So we're hoping to do some meaningful research in this area.

634
01:07:40,000 --> 01:07:51,000
In addition to the nematode research that Dr Fossickers Lab is currently doing in some some corn fields that are known to have a nematode issue.

635
01:07:51,000 --> 01:07:56,000
But I think I think this is an issue for a number of reasons.

636
01:07:56,000 --> 01:08:02,000
One, it's an issue because it's probably robbing us of significant yield early in the season.

637
01:08:02,000 --> 01:08:09,000
And so we're sort of starting off behind the eight ball a little bit in these fields from a yield loss perspective.

638
01:08:09,000 --> 01:08:18,000
And, you know, these plants just never seem to catch up. And so when we're trying to manage foliar diseases based on a growth stage and make

639
01:08:18,000 --> 01:08:24,000
a decision on maybe a fungicide application for Southern Ruhs later in the season,

640
01:08:24,000 --> 01:08:31,000
we have these uneven growth stages because the corn plant started slow and just never caught up to the rest of the field fields.

641
01:08:31,000 --> 01:08:39,000
Tast one at different times and things like that. So, so, so this is a season long problem that I think we need to get a better handle on.

642
01:08:39,000 --> 01:08:43,000
Moving forward, there's just a little too much of that out there right now.

643
01:08:43,000 --> 01:08:48,000
Other folliard diseases, though, what we normally see, northern corn leaf blight.

644
01:08:48,000 --> 01:08:54,000
There was little bit of that, but I wouldn't say I saw any problematic fields, southern corn leaf lot,

645
01:08:54,000 --> 01:09:02,000
a little bit of gray leaf spot, maybe some curvy Larrea Leaf spot on susceptible Highbridge.

646
01:09:02,000 --> 01:09:12,000
But for the most part, the foliar diseases of concern this last year were were southern rust and then common rust,

647
01:09:12,000 --> 01:09:19,000
unfortunately mistaken for Southern rust in some instances, are just generating a great deal of concern.

648
01:09:19,000 --> 01:09:23,000
Moving up the canopy when we were a little bit cooler and seeing some rainfall,

649
01:09:23,000 --> 01:09:28,000
maybe seeing a little a little above average rainfall in some locations.

650
01:09:28,000 --> 01:09:34,000
And and you know that Congress can move high up in the canopy in cooler, wet conditions.

651
01:09:34,000 --> 01:09:39,000
There's no doubt about that. Early in the season, common rust doesn't necessarily look like it looks in this picture.

652
01:09:39,000 --> 01:09:44,000
This is about a perfect example of the two differences.

653
01:09:44,000 --> 01:09:48,000
Different fungi and their pustule colors.

654
01:09:48,000 --> 01:09:54,000
So common rust is a dark red brick brown.

655
01:09:54,000 --> 01:10:01,000
Sort of pushed along both sides of the leaf most often and sometimes common rest will have this.

656
01:10:01,000 --> 01:10:08,000
I think a lot of times actually so common rust will have this orangey yellow halo around it.

657
01:10:08,000 --> 01:10:10,000
This is on the underside of a leaf.

658
01:10:10,000 --> 01:10:17,000
But certainly you can see that on the top and bottom and southern rust will have a brighter yellow halo around those pustules.

659
01:10:17,000 --> 01:10:26,000
A lot of times if it's there, it's not always there. As you can see in this image, but that just relying on the color can be tough.

660
01:10:26,000 --> 01:10:34,000
Early in the season, especially low in the canopy where life is little bit of the light infiltrations a little bit less.

661
01:10:34,000 --> 01:10:39,000
And they just don't darken like they do late in the season.

662
01:10:39,000 --> 01:10:44,000
But what normally happens is, is the common restful stay active low in the canopy.

663
01:10:44,000 --> 01:10:48,000
Like on this lower leaf here and beat those lower leaves up pretty good.

664
01:10:48,000 --> 01:10:55,000
And those lower leaves really aren't doing much as we advance in the season and we start getting close

665
01:10:55,000 --> 01:10:59,000
to tarsal because the canopy thickening up and there's just not much sunlight getting down there.

666
01:10:59,000 --> 01:11:07,000
So there's not a lot of photosynthesis going on or leads. Way they're just sort of hanging on and not not helping us a whole lot.

667
01:11:07,000 --> 01:11:15,000
So it's not a huge deal that they're getting beat up down there. But absolutely, they can serve as an innocuous source.

668
01:11:15,000 --> 01:11:23,000
If the weather is conducive for disease development, spores can move upwards and cause some disease higher up in the canopy.

669
01:11:23,000 --> 01:11:28,000
But but I get calls concerned about leaves that look like this that are down low in the canopy.

670
01:11:28,000 --> 01:11:35,000
And I'm not that concerned. I get calls were common. Rust is moving in the canopy up high.

671
01:11:35,000 --> 01:11:38,000
And I'm still not that concerned because it would be very unusual,

672
01:11:38,000 --> 01:11:46,000
almost unheard of for us to have to spray a fungicide on common rust or common rust called yield loss in the state, Arkansas.

673
01:11:46,000 --> 01:11:51,000
And so what happens is when the weather turns warmer, the common road starts shutting down,

674
01:11:51,000 --> 01:11:56,000
and when southern rust arrives around the 1st of July, then the southern rust starts building.

675
01:11:56,000 --> 01:12:08,000
If we're if we have some ample moisture and enough knocks from blowing from epidemics to our south and Louisiana and Texas and Mississippi.

676
01:12:08,000 --> 01:12:14,000
And so, as I mentioned, it was a southern rescue. We found it in early July.

677
01:12:14,000 --> 01:12:18,000
Just right there s Pine Bluff. Seems like that's where we find it every year.

678
01:12:18,000 --> 01:12:21,000
Don't find it. And Chico County first don't find it.

679
01:12:21,000 --> 01:12:30,000
Nassau County first seems to skip over to Shiyi County and just started right there around Palm Bluff in eastern Jefferson County.

680
01:12:30,000 --> 01:12:35,000
Eastern Lincoln County every year. I don't know why. That's just the way it is.

681
01:12:35,000 --> 01:12:41,000
I don't have a good explanation for that. But one thing that was unusual, I don't know how unusual it is,

682
01:12:41,000 --> 01:12:50,000
but what was unusual is that Southern roots spread all the way up into Minnesota and South Dakota was knocking on the door.

683
01:12:50,000 --> 01:12:57,000
Michigan by the end of the year and was was prevalent all the way through the mid-South.

684
01:12:57,000 --> 01:13:01,000
And so we did some pretty hard scouten, especially of late,

685
01:13:01,000 --> 01:13:09,000
planted corn and based on the scat and what we decided was that about April 20th was the cutoff for

686
01:13:09,000 --> 01:13:15,000
corn that probably needed to be sprayed if there was a population of southern rust in that field.

687
01:13:15,000 --> 01:13:20,000
And so we had we had a few too many fields that look like this.

688
01:13:20,000 --> 01:13:24,000
A lot of Southern rust and silks not turning brown yet.

689
01:13:24,000 --> 01:13:33,000
So normally what we say is that five percent southern rust on the ear leaf at our floor could be about five bushels.

690
01:13:33,000 --> 01:13:37,000
Yield loss will certainly be greater than five percent.

691
01:13:37,000 --> 01:13:46,000
Southern rust on the ear leaf throughout the field at or through your earlier calls for real concern in a field can suffer substantial losses.

692
01:13:46,000 --> 01:13:51,000
If not if not handled timely with a fungicide application.

693
01:13:51,000 --> 01:13:54,000
And so, again, we saw too much of this,

694
01:13:54,000 --> 01:14:05,000
saw a lot of this and corn planted April 22 right around May one and had to had to spray more fields than than I've had to spray that I can remember.

695
01:14:05,000 --> 01:14:09,000
So at least in fields that I was involved in and again,

696
01:14:09,000 --> 01:14:15,000
that non-uniform growth stage in some of these fields saw a lot of that with the late planted corn, too.

697
01:14:15,000 --> 01:14:23,000
I think that caused some concern and and made it a little more difficult to manage in some areas.

698
01:14:23,000 --> 01:14:30,000
But when we had a lot of Southern rust, we have a lot of follow your disease that makes for good fungicide trials.

699
01:14:30,000 --> 01:14:36,000
And so we had some good ones this year. And so I'm going to talk about some trial work this year.

700
01:14:36,000 --> 01:14:40,000
And in one trial from the past,

701
01:14:40,000 --> 01:14:50,000
that kind of speaks to timing of fungicide application as well as as reinforces some some epidemiology work that we've been doing in my lab.

702
01:14:50,000 --> 01:14:58,000
And we just finished a four year study, had a grad student work on it for two or three years,

703
01:14:58,000 --> 01:15:04,000
and then had we finished up a couple of years after the student graduated.

704
01:15:04,000 --> 01:15:12,000
Just understanding how Southern risk moves in a field that epidemiology within the field and what we found listed in that study.

705
01:15:12,000 --> 01:15:20,000
Southern rust seemed to build preferentially in these areas that were healthier, just whether the higher in DVR value,

706
01:15:20,000 --> 01:15:29,000
indicating a higher rate of photosynthesis or or more leaf surface area, denser canopy, maybe that rust was protected.

707
01:15:29,000 --> 01:15:31,000
And so some of these trials that we did this year,

708
01:15:31,000 --> 01:15:39,000
while not necessarily we weren't we didn't necessarily have that objective to look at the Southern Rust

709
01:15:39,000 --> 01:15:48,000
relationship to plant health or that that sort of epidemiological movement of the pathogen and a whole field.

710
01:15:48,000 --> 01:15:56,000
We saw some indications where that was validated through some of these fungicide trials in addition to some fungicide efficacy.

711
01:15:56,000 --> 01:16:01,000
So here is a trial. We had a planning right by fungicide trial raw.

712
01:16:01,000 --> 01:16:10,000
And we had quite a bit of southern rust in the trial, planted the first week of May, so certainly not the latest trial that we planted all year.

713
01:16:10,000 --> 01:16:15,000
But here we had three different planning rates and we saw oil from a yield perspective.

714
01:16:15,000 --> 01:16:20,000
Yields were flat and the higher two plan rates, thirty five thousand, forty five thousand.

715
01:16:20,000 --> 01:16:24,000
We saw that lower yield and twenty five thousand under thirty thousand.

716
01:16:24,000 --> 01:16:30,000
We would expect to see a yield drop off. And that that caused those plots didn't look very good.

717
01:16:30,000 --> 01:16:42,000
They were spindly. They were thin. But what was interesting was, you know, we didn't we didn't really see a great deal of control in those plots.

718
01:16:42,000 --> 01:16:46,000
This is variability, but there wasn't much difference there.

719
01:16:46,000 --> 01:16:47,000
And that was strange.

720
01:16:47,000 --> 01:16:57,000
I'm not exactly sure what went on there, but what I did see was we had more southern rust in the untreated in that higher population.

721
01:16:57,000 --> 01:17:05,000
We did a good job controlling it with tribe approach. Thirteen point seven ounces and the same in the thirty five thousand there, too.

722
01:17:05,000 --> 01:17:13,000
And it's worth pointing out just an example of those plots after avocation and travel pros and excellent material on Southern states.

723
01:17:13,000 --> 01:17:23,000
In my mind, that's absolutely the best. We've seen it for a number of years and it always has looked good when we've when we've timed correctly.

724
01:17:23,000 --> 01:17:29,000
It's always looked good and done a good job cleaning up the rust. And so top to bottom, these plots are pretty clean.

725
01:17:29,000 --> 01:17:38,000
There's the untreated no yield difference. But again, this planted first May and not the highest yielding corn test that we had.

726
01:17:38,000 --> 01:17:43,000
So, you know, I think that maybe contributed that to contributed to that as well.

727
01:17:43,000 --> 01:17:49,000
But that's certainly a big difference between the tribe approach, pro application and the trade.

728
01:17:49,000 --> 01:17:58,000
Another trial that we had a time in trial in the same field, planted a week to 10 days later where we had Vayle team and some other fungicides

729
01:17:58,000 --> 01:18:05,000
that we initially tried to apply to our one hour three and and because of rain,

730
01:18:05,000 --> 01:18:10,000
some other some other things, we didn't get him out to LA three and our four.

731
01:18:10,000 --> 01:18:15,000
And so these data showed us something that was pretty interesting, even having that little hiccup.

732
01:18:15,000 --> 01:18:25,000
There were we had the we we may I should mention now that we write the corn canopy in three sections below the ear leaf,

733
01:18:25,000 --> 01:18:28,000
a section kind of at the ear leaf of the leaf.

734
01:18:28,000 --> 01:18:40,000
And so we like to chop that corn canopy up in those sections so we can we can get an idea of the spread upwards through the canopy of southern rust.

735
01:18:40,000 --> 01:18:46,000
And so here we've got untreated above the arely from below the ear leaf.

736
01:18:46,000 --> 01:18:52,000
And these were these these both these untreated had significantly more southern rust above the ear.

737
01:18:52,000 --> 01:18:58,000
And at the Hareli then bail team at seven ounces at our three and our four.

738
01:18:58,000 --> 01:19:02,000
And that wasn't necessarily different. So so that was interesting.

739
01:19:02,000 --> 01:19:05,000
But there's certainly a numerical difference where when we looked at the plots,

740
01:19:05,000 --> 01:19:11,000
what was interesting about this was at our three the Bell team, we did a really good job, clean up Southern rust.

741
01:19:11,000 --> 01:19:16,000
Those plots are pretty clean there. And I'm I'm happy with that.

742
01:19:16,000 --> 01:19:24,000
But it are for see, this was later planted corn and that Southern rust had already moved in, was already attacking the ear leaves.

743
01:19:24,000 --> 01:19:30,000
And by just wait that that short amount of time there, those air leaves were smoked.

744
01:19:30,000 --> 01:19:36,000
And so we did a pretty good job controlling it in a tough canopy. You can see that.

745
01:19:36,000 --> 01:19:44,000
And that's reflected here. There's there's certainly more at the air leaf than there was above the ear.

746
01:19:44,000 --> 01:19:49,000
And there's still some southern rest up there. But these air leaves and right around the air leaves or smoke.

747
01:19:49,000 --> 01:19:52,000
And so this speaks to just, you know,

748
01:19:52,000 --> 01:19:58,000
a good product that was sprayed at the wrong time and didn't necessarily do a great job there in that particular trial.

749
01:19:58,000 --> 01:20:07,000
So even though we were at our for the Southern Rust had moved in early enough, that that's too like.

750
01:20:07,000 --> 01:20:13,000
A trial in twenty seventeen, I think is is relevant for for this talk today,

751
01:20:13,000 --> 01:20:22,000
and I think twenty seventeen I mentioned earlier with was a year a lot like 2020 with respect to the amount of Southern rust that we had.

752
01:20:22,000 --> 01:20:26,000
And so it's worth mentioning now, again, our threshold,

753
01:20:26,000 --> 01:20:34,000
which I think is a pretty good threshold that are four and five percent southern rust on the ear leaf would result in about five bushels,

754
01:20:34,000 --> 01:20:37,000
a yield loss if if left untreated.

755
01:20:37,000 --> 01:20:43,000
Now, certainly at for if there's not any Southern rust, there's no need to spray a fungicide in the southern rust movement later.

756
01:20:43,000 --> 01:20:45,000
Probably wouldn't do much damage.

757
01:20:45,000 --> 01:20:54,000
And that's kind of reflected up here from some of our spatial modeling data and field epidemiology work that we've done.

758
01:20:54,000 --> 01:20:59,000
We've seen it at about our five and a half. That it takes about twenty five percent.

759
01:20:59,000 --> 01:21:02,000
Southern rust on the air calls to bushels yield loss.

760
01:21:02,000 --> 01:21:10,000
And so that's that's not enough yield loss. Ten days after darn two to worry so much about,

761
01:21:10,000 --> 01:21:16,000
about applying to fungicide and being able to to get a good return on investment on that particular application.

762
01:21:16,000 --> 01:21:20,000
But in this trial, we had common rust and Southern rust at our four.

763
01:21:20,000 --> 01:21:21,000
Right. Omar Ford,

764
01:21:21,000 --> 01:21:30,000
we had kind of a fungicide shoot out with a lot of different products here and had a bunch of these six applications and a bunch or one applications.

765
01:21:30,000 --> 01:21:37,000
Now, in this particular trial, late in the season, we had an anthrax nosily and on top of the rust.

766
01:21:37,000 --> 01:21:41,000
And so that created quite a bit of damage in this trial.

767
01:21:41,000 --> 01:21:49,000
But what's interesting about this is the way the yields look out later and all those V six applications looks,

768
01:21:49,000 --> 01:21:52,000
all those V six applications are down here around the country.

769
01:21:52,000 --> 01:21:58,000
Check, whereas all the R one applications are up here where the yields a little bit higher.

770
01:21:58,000 --> 01:22:02,000
Now we're still not. This is in a high yield in test by any means.

771
01:22:02,000 --> 01:22:08,000
But it kind of took a beating with the rust in the anthrax notes and some wind damage and whatnot.

772
01:22:08,000 --> 01:22:17,000
But if you just look, if you just looked these are ones I think they were probably a little bit early, too.

773
01:22:17,000 --> 01:22:19,000
But the basics was really early.

774
01:22:19,000 --> 01:22:27,000
And I don't I don't mean to suggest that there's a lot of V six applications in state Arkansas going corn or even the 10.

775
01:22:27,000 --> 01:22:37,000
But what I do want to highlight is that not only is too light a problem when we're when we're trying to manage Southern rust,

776
01:22:37,000 --> 01:22:42,000
so to light with fungicide application, but too early can be problematic as well.

777
01:22:42,000 --> 01:22:46,000
And actually, by the time that fungicide plays out,

778
01:22:46,000 --> 01:22:54,000
you're not going to get any sort of residual control of a failure or disease that's to develop and even even really late in the season.

779
01:22:54,000 --> 01:23:05,000
Certainly so important to keep in mind, this is a study that I'm working with Dr Christian Sceneries Laboratory,

780
01:23:05,000 --> 01:23:12,000
where Chris is funded by the Arkansas Corn and Grain Sorghum Promotion Board.

781
01:23:12,000 --> 01:23:16,000
Chris is working on improving irrigation scheduling and efficiency.

782
01:23:16,000 --> 01:23:25,000
And we had two trials with Chris in this on this particular project at Raw Station and Rice Research and Extension Center,

783
01:23:25,000 --> 01:23:33,000
where there was scheduled irrigation every seven days and in sensor base irrigation and.

784
01:23:33,000 --> 01:23:39,000
And so we added a fungicide treatment with the schedule when the sensor and at the raw trial.

785
01:23:39,000 --> 01:23:42,000
We didn't really see a ton of difference in southern rust.

786
01:23:42,000 --> 01:23:47,000
There was there was a there was less Southern rust where we had spray to find a side, but not a lot less.

787
01:23:47,000 --> 01:23:50,000
And this trial was planted a little bit late,

788
01:23:50,000 --> 01:23:56,000
but not not as light as some of my other fungicide work on the station, certainly a few weeks before that.

789
01:23:56,000 --> 01:24:03,000
And some differences down here in the severity of the red or with the severity and the blue bars would be instruments.

790
01:24:03,000 --> 01:24:10,000
Southern rust, which I should explain incidence is the the a number of plants with southern

791
01:24:10,000 --> 01:24:16,000
rust in an area that we're evaluating or apply for evaluating a small plot.

792
01:24:16,000 --> 01:24:19,000
And the severity is the amount on the plants that have southern roots.

793
01:24:19,000 --> 01:24:26,000
So that's how that's what we term incidence and severity in these in these trials.

794
01:24:26,000 --> 01:24:30,000
But what is noteworthy in this trial is the yields weren't significantly different.

795
01:24:30,000 --> 01:24:36,000
But where we had the irrigation scheduled every seven days,

796
01:24:36,000 --> 01:24:43,000
there was a numerical difference in yield by about five bushels between the fungicide applied and the non fungicide applied.

797
01:24:43,000 --> 01:24:50,000
But in a sensor based irrigation, those yields were absolutely flat and actually numerically a couple of bushes higher.

798
01:24:50,000 --> 01:24:55,000
What we didn't apply fungicide. Now, again, this is all variability and not significant,

799
01:24:55,000 --> 01:25:06,000
but some indication that maybe push in that push and that that corn with with irrigation every seven days and also get some timely rains,

800
01:25:06,000 --> 01:25:16,000
influence that southern rust activity in those particular plots in in the in the study at Rice Research and Extension Center,

801
01:25:16,000 --> 01:25:22,000
without a doubt, where the irrigation was scheduled every seven days, we had significantly more Southern.

802
01:25:22,000 --> 01:25:36,000
When compared to sensor based irrigation and certainly numerically, much less in this group sensor and schedule with with fungicide applications.

803
01:25:36,000 --> 01:25:42,000
But all were significantly less than the schedule that irrigation scheduled plots with no fungicide.

804
01:25:42,000 --> 01:25:56,000
So an interesting study where, again, we see that maybe by by our irrigation, our irrigation schedule, how much water we're actually moving through,

805
01:25:56,000 --> 01:26:02,000
through the middle's there and influence and that maybe that canopy density and

806
01:26:02,000 --> 01:26:10,000
in growth where we're influence in the southern rust epidemic to some degree.

807
01:26:10,000 --> 01:26:17,000
And then another study that we're working on implementing cover crops into corn rotation and its impact on soil health

808
01:26:17,000 --> 01:26:26,000
and other another project funded by the Arkansas Corn Grain Sorghum Promotion Board with Dr. Trent Roberts Laboratory.

809
01:26:26,000 --> 01:26:30,000
I have a part of this project. Travis Foskey is part of this project.

810
01:26:30,000 --> 01:26:37,000
And Alesandro Ross, our Selborne plant pathologist in Fayetteville, is also working on this project.

811
01:26:37,000 --> 01:26:44,000
But this is a test. I think this was a this is a long term rotation study at Pine Tree.

812
01:26:44,000 --> 01:26:50,000
And so the blue outline plots of the corn plots and these are soybean plots in each

813
01:26:50,000 --> 01:26:57,000
one of these blocks actually had a different cover crop or I think fallow ground.

814
01:26:57,000 --> 01:27:07,000
And so what we did in for the project sold sample and try to understand aspects of soil health changed in between the cover crops and whatnot

815
01:27:07,000 --> 01:27:17,000
in the corn is we picked two points within each block and one point was called the unhealthiest and not necessarily the unhealthiest,

816
01:27:17,000 --> 01:27:24,000
but an unhealthy point. And the other was more healthy. And so we used an in DVR, which is behind these plots.

817
01:27:24,000 --> 01:27:30,000
You can see it here where green is more healthy and red is less healthy, yellows in the middle in the corn plots.

818
01:27:30,000 --> 01:27:36,000
And we actually use that as well as visual observation to mark these points.

819
01:27:36,000 --> 01:27:41,000
And so my part of this project was to. Have to.

820
01:27:41,000 --> 01:27:46,000
After I designated the points was to write the foliar disease and so in a rushed year,

821
01:27:46,000 --> 01:27:50,000
obviously Southern Cross that we write and what we saw was fairly interesting.

822
01:27:50,000 --> 01:27:56,000
We saw that in the healthy group. There was a lot more southern rust.

823
01:27:56,000 --> 01:27:57,000
And this is incidence and severity.

824
01:27:57,000 --> 01:28:05,000
But there was a lot more Southern rust in the health group than an unhealthy group points no difference among cover crop treatments.

825
01:28:05,000 --> 01:28:09,000
And we wouldn't expect that Southern rust blows in. It's not in the field.

826
01:28:09,000 --> 01:28:18,000
And so we wouldn't expect cover crop to necessarily have a direct effect on the amount of Southern rust that we're seeing in a field.

827
01:28:18,000 --> 01:28:25,000
Mike, maybe indirectly on some level, possibly, but in this particular, it's certainly not a direct effect,

828
01:28:25,000 --> 01:28:33,000
but that the healthy corn plants versus the unhealthy and why this field had so much variability, I don't know.

829
01:28:33,000 --> 01:28:41,000
It wouldn't be good if it was your field. But for our purposes in this test, we actually had a lot of within field variability in the plots.

830
01:28:41,000 --> 01:28:42,000
And so some of these plots,

831
01:28:42,000 --> 01:28:51,000
it was really easy to pick out a group of healthy corn plants and a group of not so healthy and spindly looking kind of ugly corn plants.

832
01:28:51,000 --> 01:28:56,000
So we had big difference in southern Rasta activity between two.

833
01:28:56,000 --> 01:29:02,000
And I think this study, even though one year data and the irrigation study,

834
01:29:02,000 --> 01:29:06,000
when we look at that with some of our other work that we've done in the past,

835
01:29:06,000 --> 01:29:14,000
now it's an indication that we just get more southern Rasht in better corn and.

836
01:29:14,000 --> 01:29:20,000
And I think that's important, too, to understand when we're considering a fungicide application.

837
01:29:20,000 --> 01:29:24,000
So we've talked a little bit about timing, too.

838
01:29:24,000 --> 01:29:34,000
And we're pretty clear that that are for this kind of iffy where if Southern Resta started are for it would

839
01:29:34,000 --> 01:29:42,000
have to be in that five percent range to start thinking about start thinking about a fungicide application,

840
01:29:42,000 --> 01:29:47,000
paying for itself or keeping enough yield to justify the application.

841
01:29:47,000 --> 01:29:51,000
But but I think certainly like 20, 20 years like 2020,

842
01:29:51,000 --> 01:29:59,000
when there's there's more Southern rust than that earlier than our four as even even earlier maybe.

843
01:29:59,000 --> 01:30:03,000
Ah, right at the front end of our three. And some of these really like planted fields.

844
01:30:03,000 --> 01:30:10,000
That's a cause for concern. And folks should really consider a fungicide application in those scenarios.

845
01:30:10,000 --> 01:30:18,000
So the highest likelihood of return on investment when we're talking about fungicides for southern roster.

846
01:30:18,000 --> 01:30:24,000
You know, remember this, all the hybrids we grow are susceptible, every single one.

847
01:30:24,000 --> 01:30:29,000
We don't have any resistance out there. So we're not going to we're not going to combat it that way.

848
01:30:29,000 --> 01:30:33,000
Late planted fields. Late April, early May,

849
01:30:33,000 --> 01:30:40,000
certainly used to I think that cut off and traditionally that cut off spent about May one where

850
01:30:40,000 --> 01:30:45,000
we've talked about how you might one that's that's really a field to watch out for Southern Rust.

851
01:30:45,000 --> 01:30:50,000
But this year, it was a little earlier based on growth stage. So we called it April 20.

852
01:30:50,000 --> 01:30:55,000
And that's that's going to move from year to year based on the environment and where we're at.

853
01:30:55,000 --> 01:31:01,000
In that corn crop and where southern rust is in its progression from the south.

854
01:31:01,000 --> 01:31:09,000
In other for other diseases, foliar diseases we would discuss like a farm history of disease or a field history of disease.

855
01:31:09,000 --> 01:31:15,000
But that's not really relevant for suncrest. It doesn't overwinter here. So, so, so that's not a consideration.

856
01:31:15,000 --> 01:31:20,000
But we do have that area that again I don't know why.

857
01:31:20,000 --> 01:31:26,000
But every year it seems South Pine Bluff. That's first place. We see southern roster, eastern Lincoln County.

858
01:31:26,000 --> 01:31:37,000
That's the first place that we see Southern Rust develop. So certainly if you're in that area and you have like planted corn, you know, that's July.

859
01:31:37,000 --> 01:31:46,000
The second third week in July is a good a good time to SCAP for Southern Rust, because that's probably where it's going to show up first in the state.

860
01:31:46,000 --> 01:31:52,000
It's worth mentioning adequate water volume from an application.

861
01:31:52,000 --> 01:31:59,000
There has to be enough water to move that product down to the interleave, so if enough product doesn't get to the yearly fan,

862
01:31:59,000 --> 01:32:02,000
there's a lot of activity there or there's some activity,

863
01:32:02,000 --> 01:32:07,000
modern activity of southern rust on the air leaves starting up and then we don't move enough product there.

864
01:32:07,000 --> 01:32:14,000
Plots are going to look like the ones I showed earlier where the top of the plant screen, but right around the ear leave those leaves or smoked.

865
01:32:14,000 --> 01:32:18,000
And that's not a good scenario. So they didn't move enough product.

866
01:32:18,000 --> 01:32:23,000
If we're going to gonna plow fungicide. Need to move enough product down there to get control.

867
01:32:23,000 --> 01:32:30,000
We've talked about timing our three and before they are certainly in 2020 was was

868
01:32:30,000 --> 01:32:36,000
prevalent and those fields needed to find a side application and then the yield potential.

869
01:32:36,000 --> 01:32:41,000
And I think what we've seen from the research in my lab and highlighted just a little bit in this talk,

870
01:32:41,000 --> 01:32:46,000
too, is that corn with the highest yield potential has has.

871
01:32:46,000 --> 01:32:56,000
I think the greatest opportunity for Southern rust to build. And so and obviously, that's the fields you'd like to spend more money on as well.

872
01:32:56,000 --> 01:33:03,000
Or at least you had the opportunity to put a little more money into with fungicide application because you expect to get more out.

873
01:33:03,000 --> 01:33:14,000
I mean, that's just good common sense. But I think one of the things we expect is we expect that a plant that's healthier should

874
01:33:14,000 --> 01:33:20,000
be able to defend itself from other foliar diseases and the stresses of of the environment.

875
01:33:20,000 --> 01:33:24,000
And that's absolutely true. But.

876
01:33:24,000 --> 01:33:32,000
There's I don't think there's this relationship of this linear relationship based on the data of more disease equals more yield loss.

877
01:33:32,000 --> 01:33:36,000
It really doesn't work that way. It's about the timing of the disease.

878
01:33:36,000 --> 01:33:44,000
And it's also there's environmental factors within the field that control how that disease spreads and moves throughout that field.

879
01:33:44,000 --> 01:33:50,000
So the only way to understand what the disease is doing in the field is to get out there.

880
01:33:50,000 --> 01:34:04,000
And. And I think. A very straightforward statement is this, to sum it up, is that you get more Southern rust and better corn period.

881
01:34:04,000 --> 01:34:12,000
And with that, I'd like to recognize the extinction plant pathology group that works with Corne, myself and Travis, our contact information is there.

882
01:34:12,000 --> 01:34:22,000
Sherri Smith and Katie Moore working in the plant health clinic in Fayetteville, certainly have are there are available to diagnose corne diseases.

883
01:34:22,000 --> 01:34:31,000
Should you send samples their way? Amanda Greer, who is the diagnostician in Arkansas, nematode diagnostic laboratory and Hope.

884
01:34:31,000 --> 01:34:36,000
I want to thank the Arkansas Corn and Grains Forum promotion board for supporting this research.

885
01:34:36,000 --> 01:34:46,000
I've talked about today and other research in my lab and other laboratories and help helping us to advance disease management,

886
01:34:46,000 --> 01:34:47,000
the mid-South and state of Arkansas.

887
01:34:47,000 --> 01:34:54,000
And then lastly, but certainly not least recognize some county agents in south Arkansas that have helped me this year.

888
01:34:54,000 --> 01:34:59,000
And in the past, tracked down Southern Stephen Stone and Lincoln Gowning,

889
01:34:59,000 --> 01:35:05,000
Clay, Chico County and Calvin in Ashland County and Kurt Buddy and Jefferson.

890
01:35:05,000 --> 01:35:11,000
So thank you very much. Okay.

891
01:35:11,000 --> 01:35:20,000
Well, thank you, Dr. Spurlock. Again, if you have questions, go ahead and enter them in the Q and A box and we'll get to them.

892
01:35:20,000 --> 01:35:27,000
We've got to tell you, we've got a couple of questions here we can start in on.

893
01:35:27,000 --> 01:35:36,000
What about diploma leaf streak? I mean, I've see that every now and then sometimes misidentify kind of looks like northern corn leaf blind.

894
01:35:36,000 --> 01:35:47,000
Is that something we need to be concerned about? Or is it more like a common rest where we can see it, but not really all that worried about it?

895
01:35:47,000 --> 01:35:55,000
Requestion, I get a lot of calls about that, and I think one of the reasons why I noticed is because the lesions get so large.

896
01:35:55,000 --> 01:36:00,000
Sometimes it looks like a large northern corn leaf blight lesion.

897
01:36:00,000 --> 01:36:04,000
Other times it's the lesion is is stretch and halfway across the leaf.

898
01:36:04,000 --> 01:36:13,000
And so I think I think it could be a cause for concern if there was a lotta that if it scattered the corn field at multiple points and you saw it.

899
01:36:13,000 --> 01:36:18,000
But we haven't seen any reason to spray for that yet.

900
01:36:18,000 --> 01:36:25,000
We haven't seen enough of it in a field that that scares us to the point that we think we're losing yield.

901
01:36:25,000 --> 01:36:36,000
So. So I would say treat it more like common rust right now and we'll keep scouten and trying to understand its impact.

902
01:36:36,000 --> 01:36:41,000
OK. The other question is on grain sorghum.

903
01:36:41,000 --> 01:36:46,000
So any new date on fungicide benefits and grain sorghum.

904
01:36:46,000 --> 01:36:54,000
And, you know, if you were going to put out a fungus sign on grain, sorghum, what what mode of action or what what fungicide family would you use?

905
01:36:54,000 --> 01:37:03,000
Yeah. So the so historically the best product we've seen on on anthrax knows as well as target spot,

906
01:37:03,000 --> 01:37:10,000
which is that purple, that purple lesion we see on, on grain sorghum.

907
01:37:10,000 --> 01:37:18,000
If you've ever grown ninety seven, eighty two, you know those, those fields can be just purple by the end of the year.

908
01:37:18,000 --> 01:37:28,000
That prepacked sauce just done a wonderful job, four ounces pretax or always has done a wonderful job on on both and for Agnos and Target Spot.

909
01:37:28,000 --> 01:37:35,000
And so, you know, that's a mixed mode action product. And I don't think I don't think the timing, though,

910
01:37:35,000 --> 01:37:42,000
is is something that's that's necessarily easy because it's really about when the disease comes in.

911
01:37:42,000 --> 01:37:51,000
And so if if you're if you're timing it like an automatic application, even on some on something like 97, 82, that gets a ton of target spot.

912
01:37:51,000 --> 01:37:55,000
I don't I don't know that that application always pays for itself with that target,

913
01:37:55,000 --> 01:38:03,000
but doesn't get going until you know that Fields' floured and maybe even a little later when it starts really turning purple out there.

914
01:38:03,000 --> 01:38:07,000
So. So certainly prior to heading or at petting,

915
01:38:07,000 --> 01:38:17,000
there's there's much more of an opportunity for a return on investment with with the product applied then and certainly an opportunity for yield loss.

916
01:38:17,000 --> 01:38:23,000
I think, you know, we don't grow many and know susceptible hybrids these days.

917
01:38:23,000 --> 01:38:37,000
But if we do and you get it and you don't spray it, it can be a significant loss to you in that field and certainly needs to be treated promptly.

918
01:38:37,000 --> 01:38:45,000
Terry, I bet a question is text to me here, so, you know, a lot of our corn is sprayed with a fun foliar fungicide.

919
01:38:45,000 --> 01:38:48,000
You know, a lot of times for vindictively.

920
01:38:48,000 --> 01:39:01,000
So even in those fields where you put out a foliar fungicide, say it tarsal or one or two, you have stock rot's stock lodging late in the season.

921
01:39:01,000 --> 01:39:06,000
So what what what can we do about those type problems? Stock lodging, stock rot's.

922
01:39:06,000 --> 01:39:12,000
And are any of our foliar fungicides, what you discussed that are more of our southern rest?

923
01:39:12,000 --> 01:39:17,000
Are they going to have any impact? So we've got it.

924
01:39:17,000 --> 01:39:24,000
We've got inefficacy table in MP 150 for one point, everybody, two, if you feel like you need a spray fungicide,

925
01:39:24,000 --> 01:39:31,000
go there and look at the ASCII writings from the regional data to help you get a better handle on what should be applied.

926
01:39:31,000 --> 01:39:40,000
Let's say, you know, with if you apply to preventative fungicide to try to prevent stock rot early in the year,

927
01:39:40,000 --> 01:39:46,000
I still don't think that I don't think the residual even past 21 days is going to give you

928
01:39:46,000 --> 01:39:53,000
enough when the data that you've shown Gysin and some of your work seems to be related.

929
01:39:53,000 --> 01:40:00,000
Back to the hybrid susceptibility to salt stocks, drink and lodging.

930
01:40:00,000 --> 01:40:07,000
So I don't lack fungicides applied early in the season to prevent lodging late in the season.

931
01:40:07,000 --> 01:40:14,000
Foliar disease like Southern rust. If it was left untreated and it happened, it occurred early enough,

932
01:40:14,000 --> 01:40:19,000
let's say this year you had a field that maybe you didn't want to spend any money on in that southern rust,

933
01:40:19,000 --> 01:40:24,000
just got out there and went crazy and turned the field orange.

934
01:40:24,000 --> 01:40:32,000
You know, in theory, if it occurred early enough and those corn plants hadn't filled out their ears yet,

935
01:40:32,000 --> 01:40:36,000
then there's some there's some nutritional robbing that could occur from the stock

936
01:40:36,000 --> 01:40:41,000
and weaken the stock and cause that corn plant to be more susceptible to lodge.

937
01:40:41,000 --> 01:40:50,000
But but that's relatively uncommon for us. Most of the time, we're going to outrun the foliar diseases like southern rust in our corn crop.

938
01:40:50,000 --> 01:40:56,000
And so, again, a fungicide to control that makes sense of fungicide to control stock.

939
01:40:56,000 --> 01:41:02,000
Right early in the season doesn't make much sense. It's really about going back and look at the hybrid data,

940
01:41:02,000 --> 01:41:12,000
looking at the hybrid data to understand which ones might have a stand ability issue versus those that do not.

941
01:41:12,000 --> 01:41:17,000
OK. And we've got one other question here.

942
01:41:17,000 --> 01:41:24,000
Well, we've got a couple actually just popped up here. So let's let's answer this one life aflatoxin.

943
01:41:24,000 --> 01:41:27,000
That's something that we historically we have been a big deal.

944
01:41:27,000 --> 01:41:34,000
Fortunately for us, the last three to five years have not had a lot of problems with the maybes, isolated areas.

945
01:41:34,000 --> 01:41:43,000
But overall, not that big of a problem. So what about Affleck guard for help control or suppress aflatoxin development?

946
01:41:43,000 --> 01:41:48,000
Is that something that we would recommend? Affleck guarding corn?

947
01:41:48,000 --> 01:41:56,000
Not on irrigated corn. We just we just don't have the data to suggest that aflatoxin and the fungus that causes it, that causes that.

948
01:41:56,000 --> 01:42:03,000
That is right. Aspergillus that sort army green, fuzzy looking fungus.

949
01:42:03,000 --> 01:42:11,000
You can see on the corner, you know, we just don't have much evidence to suggest that that's a problem for us on irrigated corn.

950
01:42:11,000 --> 01:42:19,000
And our I think our issue in Arkansas is, is maybe over irrigation rather than then corn that's suffering from drought stress.

951
01:42:19,000 --> 01:42:25,000
So so I really don't think that that aflatoxin is is much of an issue.

952
01:42:25,000 --> 01:42:32,000
And so I think that kind of answers the question on on guard as well.

953
01:42:32,000 --> 01:42:36,000
OK, Terry, we got one more question here and then we'll move on to the next presentation.

954
01:42:36,000 --> 01:42:44,000
That audience asked in your first photo, which I go back, look, you talked about you talk about young plants here.

955
01:42:44,000 --> 01:42:49,000
What was the possible ecology issue that you were talking about there?

956
01:42:49,000 --> 01:42:55,000
So in that particular field, we don't know that that field had a number of issues.

957
01:42:55,000 --> 01:43:00,000
There was kind of it was kind of everything except the starter fertilizer that I mentioned.

958
01:43:00,000 --> 01:43:05,000
So it you know, there was rotten roots. It was planted early.

959
01:43:05,000 --> 01:43:12,000
So it was planted into cool, wet soil. That field had a history of of severe southern root, not nematodes.

960
01:43:12,000 --> 01:43:18,000
So I don't I didn't I don't think there was an issue with some nematode feeding there.

961
01:43:18,000 --> 01:43:21,000
But I do think when we plan into cool, wet soil, you know,

962
01:43:21,000 --> 01:43:28,000
the opportunity for him species rhizoctonia is there's just a host of these pathogens

963
01:43:28,000 --> 01:43:35,000
that can cause disease on on young corn plants and do a little bit of damage,

964
01:43:35,000 --> 01:43:40,000
especially when you see that that's sort of patchy distribution there.

965
01:43:40,000 --> 01:43:44,000
But that's you know, there could have been multiple issues there.

966
01:43:44,000 --> 01:43:48,000
We did some vacillations and grew multiple pathogens out of those corn plants.

967
01:43:48,000 --> 01:43:53,000
But there really wasn't anything we could put our finger on that said, this was it.

968
01:43:53,000 --> 01:44:00,000
So that's one of the reasons why we're interested in doing some more research. We need some data on this.

969
01:44:00,000 --> 01:44:04,000
OK. Well, thank you, Terry. We appreciate your your answers there.

970
01:44:04,000 --> 01:44:09,000
And so now we're going to move on to our next presenter, Dr. Trent Roberts.

971
01:44:09,000 --> 01:44:15,000
He's going to talk to us about core nutrient management and any time during his presentation.

972
01:44:15,000 --> 01:44:20,000
Go ahead and enter your questions in that Q&A. You don't have to wait till the end.

973
01:44:20,000 --> 01:44:35,000
So, Doctor, Dr. My name is Trent Roberts and I'm a sole fertility extension specialist with the University of Arkansas system Division of Agriculture.

974
01:44:35,000 --> 01:44:45,000
And today for the Corn Webinar, I will be discussing corn nutrient management.

975
01:44:45,000 --> 01:44:52,000
So to start with the topical outline, we'll be covering the nutrients that are primary limiting in Arkansas corn production.

976
01:44:52,000 --> 01:45:00,000
We'll talk about a little bit of the importance of nutrient budgeting, nitrogen and zinc management, and then the value of poultry litter.

977
01:45:00,000 --> 01:45:04,000
So to start off, I'm not going to be covering corn, ag or nomics,

978
01:45:04,000 --> 01:45:11,000
but I think we really need to talk about two distinctly different production scenarios when we look at,

979
01:45:11,000 --> 01:45:18,000
you know, areas or production systems that have less than one hundred and eighty bushels per acre.

980
01:45:18,000 --> 01:45:23,000
I think the focus in those systems really needs to be increasing our yield.

981
01:45:23,000 --> 01:45:28,000
So what's limiting your corn yield or your profitability in these low production scenarios?

982
01:45:28,000 --> 01:45:33,000
We need to to identify those limiting factors, whether it be irrigation, you know,

983
01:45:33,000 --> 01:45:39,000
not enough or too much agronomic such as hybrid selection, row facing plant population.

984
01:45:39,000 --> 01:45:42,000
And then obviously fertility can play a large role in that.

985
01:45:42,000 --> 01:45:50,000
But if you fall into that category where you're consistent, consistently producing less than 180 bushels per acre,

986
01:45:50,000 --> 01:45:57,000
you really need to identify those limiting factors and focus on how you can increase your corn grain yield.

987
01:45:57,000 --> 01:46:06,000
For those producers that fall in to, you know, a yell or a production system where they're making greater than 180 bushels per acre,

988
01:46:06,000 --> 01:46:10,000
then I think those producers really need to start focusing on profit.

989
01:46:10,000 --> 01:46:13,000
How do they maximize their profit?

990
01:46:13,000 --> 01:46:20,000
Then when you start thinking about profitability in particular and how to maximize it is going to be tightly linked to your fertilization,

991
01:46:20,000 --> 01:46:24,000
because whether we're talking about nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium or any of the nutrients,

992
01:46:24,000 --> 01:46:29,000
we're going to apply to the majority of our corn production systems.

993
01:46:29,000 --> 01:46:38,000
The profitability of that system is going to be tightly linked to making sure you get those rates correct that not only maximize your yield,

994
01:46:38,000 --> 01:46:42,000
but also optimize your return on investment.

995
01:46:42,000 --> 01:46:48,000
So what are some of the common nutrient deficiencies in Arkansas, corn production for the vast majority of the acreage?

996
01:46:48,000 --> 01:46:54,000
Nitrogen is going to be the most limiting nutrient that has to be applied in the greatest quantities to maximize yield.

997
01:46:54,000 --> 01:47:01,000
But the productivity, as well as the profitability of your production system, is going to be tightly linked to that nitrogen rate.

998
01:47:01,000 --> 01:47:04,000
There are a lot of different ways that we can manage nitrogen.

999
01:47:04,000 --> 01:47:10,000
But the more efficient we become, the better we fine tune those rates than the more profitable we become.

1000
01:47:10,000 --> 01:47:12,000
And that's something that we really need to focus on.

1001
01:47:12,000 --> 01:47:19,000
Phosphorous can be limiting in a lot of our soils, and it becomes limiting both in high and low P.H. scenarios.

1002
01:47:19,000 --> 01:47:21,000
So we need to keep that in mind.

1003
01:47:21,000 --> 01:47:33,000
Potassium is often limiting, especially on our Lomi textured soils or our sande's sulfur can be limiting in our lower organic matter or sandy soils.

1004
01:47:33,000 --> 01:47:39,000
Zane can be a problem, you know, both in high and low P.H. So we need to focus on Zeine management.

1005
01:47:39,000 --> 01:47:45,000
And then over the past few years, we've been getting more calls specifically related to magnesium deficiency.

1006
01:47:45,000 --> 01:47:54,000
That's usually going to be confined to Sandy low P.H. soils, so very small, small, small percentage of our production area.

1007
01:47:54,000 --> 01:47:59,000
But it is still an problem that exists and we need to be aware of.

1008
01:47:59,000 --> 01:48:05,000
So I think the first thing I want to hit on real quick is just fertilization, fertilization, economics and productivity.

1009
01:48:05,000 --> 01:48:07,000
And so when we think about a corn production system, you know,

1010
01:48:07,000 --> 01:48:15,000
fertilization is just one piece of that puzzle that's going to impact our profitability and ultimately our return on investment.

1011
01:48:15,000 --> 01:48:22,000
And so if you look at the 20, 21 crop enterprise budget, you know, depending on how you set the parameters,

1012
01:48:22,000 --> 01:48:30,000
fertility or fertilization is going to cost for anywhere from 25 to 30 percent of the total production budget.

1013
01:48:30,000 --> 01:48:35,000
And if you look, you know, within that recommendation, it's typically four zero eighty eight.

1014
01:48:35,000 --> 01:48:43,000
That's the baseline, you know, kind of default. Zero pounds in nitrogen, 80 pounds of pito, five, 80 pounds a K two.

1015
01:48:43,000 --> 01:48:48,000
Oh, and if you look at that particular recommendation, assuming these prices,

1016
01:48:48,000 --> 01:48:52,000
you know, that comes out to about fifty six dollars and 80 cents per acre.

1017
01:48:52,000 --> 01:48:57,000
And I like to remind everyone that when you look at those crop enterprise budgets,

1018
01:48:57,000 --> 01:49:03,000
those defaults that are in there are for medium sole test and medium soil test K levels.

1019
01:49:03,000 --> 01:49:08,000
So the next slide, what I want to do is just kind of go through and have you think about how manipulating or

1020
01:49:08,000 --> 01:49:14,000
changing those soil test levels are sold to US categories influence the cost of fertilization.

1021
01:49:14,000 --> 01:49:23,000
So if you look here in bold, we have the medium soil test P with a recommended rate of 80 units of pito, a fiber A.

1022
01:49:23,000 --> 01:49:28,000
And we have our medium soil test K with 80 units of K to open agar.

1023
01:49:28,000 --> 01:49:31,000
And you can see this is the default in our crop enterprise budget.

1024
01:49:31,000 --> 01:49:38,000
And so if you were to apply that zero eighty eighty, it would cost you around thirty six dollars per acre to do that.

1025
01:49:38,000 --> 01:49:43,000
Well, we found those that one of the most common recommendations that's actually given out

1026
01:49:43,000 --> 01:49:49,000
by the soil test lab in Mariana is very low soil test P and very low soil test K.

1027
01:49:49,000 --> 01:49:56,000
So what that means is chances are you might fall into that low soil test P low soil test K category.

1028
01:49:56,000 --> 01:50:04,000
And what that equates to is a significant increase in the cost of your phosphorous and potassium fertilization programs.

1029
01:50:04,000 --> 01:50:08,000
You can see we jumped from 56, almost up to 80 dollars per acre.

1030
01:50:08,000 --> 01:50:12,000
But I think the point that I'm trying to emphasize here is that, you know,

1031
01:50:12,000 --> 01:50:18,000
the profitability of your production system is going to be tightly linked to your fertility program.

1032
01:50:18,000 --> 01:50:23,000
And rather than just relying on those default values in the crop enterprise budget,

1033
01:50:23,000 --> 01:50:31,000
I think it's very important as a producer that you go in for your specific fields, your specific production scenarios that actually, you know,

1034
01:50:31,000 --> 01:50:39,000
determine, you know, what your soil test levels are, determine the associated rates and actually put those into the crop enterprise budget

1035
01:50:39,000 --> 01:50:45,000
so you can truly see how it's going to impact the cost of your fertilization program.

1036
01:50:45,000 --> 01:50:51,000
I'm going to switch gears a little bit and start talking about our nitrogen management flowchart.

1037
01:50:51,000 --> 01:50:58,000
So hopefully you all have seen this. We've tried to present it at several different meetings just to give people more familiar with it.

1038
01:50:58,000 --> 01:51:03,000
And basically, what we've tried to do is just make it a simple step by step approach as to how we

1039
01:51:03,000 --> 01:51:08,000
want you to think about your nitrogen management program and make those decisions,

1040
01:51:08,000 --> 01:51:14,000
you know, from starting at the soil texture all the way through the end of the season.

1041
01:51:14,000 --> 01:51:18,000
So when we start with soil texture, we typically split it into our lighter textured soils,

1042
01:51:18,000 --> 01:51:23,000
like our soil loans and our sande's, and then our heavier, more clay textured soils.

1043
01:51:23,000 --> 01:51:25,000
And that's going to determine the season total and. Right.

1044
01:51:25,000 --> 01:51:31,000
And then from there, what we essentially want you to do is consider the number of splits that you want to use,

1045
01:51:31,000 --> 01:51:33,000
whether that's a two way split or a three way split.

1046
01:51:33,000 --> 01:51:43,000
And we want you to consider, you know, 30 to 45 units in per acre for asylum and 45 to 60 units been per acre on the clay.

1047
01:51:43,000 --> 01:51:52,000
And really what we want you to do is reduce that preplan in rate as low as you can and still feel comfortable.

1048
01:51:52,000 --> 01:51:57,000
The one thing that our research has consistently shown time and time again is the preplanning.

1049
01:51:57,000 --> 01:52:02,000
Nitrogen applications are the least efficient application time.

1050
01:52:02,000 --> 01:52:09,000
And so even though they're important, even though they contribute to our corn production system, they're very inefficient.

1051
01:52:09,000 --> 01:52:16,000
And so anything that we can do to reduce those is going to have a great impact not only on the efficiency of our production system,

1052
01:52:16,000 --> 01:52:21,000
but on our profitability as well. The next thing that I want to emphasize is, you know,

1053
01:52:21,000 --> 01:52:29,000
collecting ARELY for collecting leaf samples to determine whether or not our nitrogen program is sufficient in season.

1054
01:52:29,000 --> 01:52:37,000
And I'll discuss that a little bit more. But anywhere from the V to end to the R1 growth stage, we can take samples of the upper,

1055
01:52:37,000 --> 01:52:46,000
most collared leaf or the year leaf once it's present and determine whether or not nitrogen is adequate to maximize yield and productivity.

1056
01:52:46,000 --> 01:52:50,000
The magic number for that is three percent. So as long as we're about three percent,

1057
01:52:50,000 --> 01:52:57,000
we know that nitrogen is optimal and we're not going to get any benefit from further nitrogen applications if,

1058
01:52:57,000 --> 01:52:59,000
you know, the concentration is less than three percent.

1059
01:52:59,000 --> 01:53:06,000
Then we need to consider applying anywhere from 45 to 60 units of in per acre to help increase that tissue concentration.

1060
01:53:06,000 --> 01:53:13,000
You you'll maintain it at a level where we can be ensured that nitrogen is not going to be limiting our corn grain.

1061
01:53:13,000 --> 01:53:20,000
Then obviously at the end of the season, once we reach black layer, we can start to discuss things like cornstalk nitrate test,

1062
01:53:20,000 --> 01:53:27,000
which is in the indices and report card that allows us to determine how well we managed our nitrogen fertilization in season.

1063
01:53:27,000 --> 01:53:35,000
So nitrogen management. There are a lot of different tools that we have available to help producers manage nitrogen corn.

1064
01:53:35,000 --> 01:53:39,000
The one that I really want to focus on right now is this corn leaf tissue test that can be

1065
01:53:39,000 --> 01:53:46,000
used really anytime between B10 and our one when we're early in that vegetative growth.

1066
01:53:46,000 --> 01:53:53,000
You know, from B10 to Beattie, we want you to sample that upper, most collared leaf once that your leaf is visible.

1067
01:53:53,000 --> 01:54:00,000
Then we want you to sample the leaf, which we consider that the leaf immediately some here.

1068
01:54:00,000 --> 01:54:04,000
So on this first example, what is the uppermost collard leaf?

1069
01:54:04,000 --> 01:54:12,000
This is what you're going to sample between bee tend to V.T. You can see here in the diagram the arrow indicates this upper, most collared leaf.

1070
01:54:12,000 --> 01:54:18,000
We call it the upper, most fully colored leaf because you can see the entire color on that particular leaf.

1071
01:54:18,000 --> 01:54:22,000
Well, we would want you to do is essentially break off the leaf blade.

1072
01:54:22,000 --> 01:54:28,000
And we want the entire leaf blade from the collar to the tip included in the sample

1073
01:54:28,000 --> 01:54:34,000
as we get later in the season and we get to that V.T. to late are one grow stage.

1074
01:54:34,000 --> 01:54:41,000
You can typically identify the year leaf. And so for our purposes, the leaf is the leaf that's immediately substituting the air.

1075
01:54:41,000 --> 01:54:50,000
You can see that you're here with the silks emerging. And we want the sample leaf to be this one immediately below that particular leaf.

1076
01:54:50,000 --> 01:54:55,000
And once again, we want you to break it off with that color and send in the entire leaf blade.

1077
01:54:55,000 --> 01:55:03,000
So when we think about what we're doing here, our critical concentration is three percent from B10 all the way through our one.

1078
01:55:03,000 --> 01:55:07,000
And what we're talking about is total nitrogen concentration.

1079
01:55:07,000 --> 01:55:12,000
And so this is going to be different, the nitrate or some of the other tasks that you might have heard about.

1080
01:55:12,000 --> 01:55:19,000
We typically do this analysis at Arkansas Diagnostic Lab in Fayetteville or there are many other private labs that can do it,

1081
01:55:19,000 --> 01:55:26,000
including Waypoint and several others. But the analysis that you're going to be interested in is total nitrogen.

1082
01:55:26,000 --> 01:55:35,000
And once again, the number is three percent that we want to maintain if we keep our leaf tissue nitrogen concentration above three percent.

1083
01:55:35,000 --> 01:55:45,000
We know that nitrogen is not limiting our corn production system and we don't need additional nitrogen to maintain our yield.

1084
01:55:45,000 --> 01:55:50,000
The next thing I want to talk about real quick is the importance of Zeine for corn production.

1085
01:55:50,000 --> 01:55:56,000
Our zinc recommendations are first based on soil P.H. and then soil testing concentration.

1086
01:55:56,000 --> 01:56:00,000
We break it up into greater than and less than P.H. six point.

1087
01:56:00,000 --> 01:56:05,000
So you can see when we have higher P.H. soils of six point O or above.

1088
01:56:05,000 --> 01:56:14,000
We recommend 10 pounds of actual zinc per acre. All the way out through our medium soil testing category or four parts per million.

1089
01:56:14,000 --> 01:56:19,000
Well, that means zinc tends to be less available at higher sopi ages.

1090
01:56:19,000 --> 01:56:28,000
And so therefore we require greater soil test concentration or we require higher zinc fertilization rates in order to

1091
01:56:28,000 --> 01:56:35,000
overcome that and ensure that there's enough available for the crop to take up and maximize yield and productivity.

1092
01:56:35,000 --> 01:56:38,000
You can see a P value is less than six point O.

1093
01:56:38,000 --> 01:56:46,000
We only recommend zinc in that very low soil test category when we have less than one point six parts per million sold to sink.

1094
01:56:46,000 --> 01:56:50,000
Once again, that's due to the fact that zinc is more available at acidic or lower wages.

1095
01:56:50,000 --> 01:56:56,000
And so therefore we can get by with lower sole test categories and lower application rates.

1096
01:56:56,000 --> 01:57:01,000
I think in a lot of situations there's potential that we're losing corn grain

1097
01:57:01,000 --> 01:57:07,000
yield to zinc deficiencies due to hidden hunger or potentially other problems.

1098
01:57:07,000 --> 01:57:14,000
And it's because, you know, we can't or we don't feel comfortable pulling the trigger on that 10 pound of actual zinc per regular.

1099
01:57:14,000 --> 01:57:17,000
No application cost.

1100
01:57:17,000 --> 01:57:27,000
What I will tell you is I think there's a lot of cases that we're probably losing anywhere from 10, 15, 20 bushels of grain yield to zinc deficiency.

1101
01:57:27,000 --> 01:57:33,000
And we don't see those typical visual deficiency symptoms of zinc that might alert us to that.

1102
01:57:33,000 --> 01:57:39,000
So whether you're using, you know, grid soil sampling or field composite,

1103
01:57:39,000 --> 01:57:45,000
think it's very important that you identify that sole testing concentration and your P.H. to determine,

1104
01:57:45,000 --> 01:57:50,000
you know, what level of zinc is needed to maximize that corn grain yield.

1105
01:57:50,000 --> 01:57:55,000
So when we think about zinc management, there are really two ways that we can approach it.

1106
01:57:55,000 --> 01:58:01,000
We can look at soil, applied zinc and we can look at in-season foliar, applied zinc.

1107
01:58:01,000 --> 01:58:06,000
I am a huge proponent of 10 pounds of soil, applied zinc.

1108
01:58:06,000 --> 01:58:11,000
When you think about that particular approach, you know, typically we're gonna be using granular zinc sulfate.

1109
01:58:11,000 --> 01:58:15,000
It's going to require, you know, around thirty three pounds of product per acre.

1110
01:58:15,000 --> 01:58:25,000
Well, that is a very significant cost when you start thinking about 25 to 30 dollars per acre just for zinc in that production system.

1111
01:58:25,000 --> 01:58:29,000
One nice thing about zinc in particular is it's highly mobile in the soil.

1112
01:58:29,000 --> 01:58:30,000
It's not going to go anywhere.

1113
01:58:30,000 --> 01:58:41,000
So when we make these granular zinc applications to the soil, we're going to see increases in soil testing concentration over time.

1114
01:58:41,000 --> 01:58:48,000
You know, some of the research that we have indicates that in as little as four applications, whether that's spread over, you know,

1115
01:58:48,000 --> 01:58:53,000
back to back years or the cereal crops within a rotation that typically for

1116
01:58:53,000 --> 01:58:58,000
applications will raise your salts as zinc from the low to the optimum category.

1117
01:58:58,000 --> 01:59:03,000
What that means is that for as little as hundred dollars per acre,

1118
01:59:03,000 --> 01:59:09,000
you can basically move your salt as zinc concentration to a level where you no longer need to fertilize with zinc.

1119
01:59:09,000 --> 01:59:15,000
Now, depending on your production scenario and your soil, you may not have to fertilize for five years and maybe 10 years,

1120
01:59:15,000 --> 01:59:22,000
but it's going to be a significant amount of time before that soil testing concentration drops back down.

1121
01:59:22,000 --> 01:59:27,000
And you have to add that zinc back into your fertility program.

1122
01:59:27,000 --> 01:59:28,000
Now, what is the other approach?

1123
01:59:28,000 --> 01:59:38,000
Well, the other approach is either as a rescue application or as an in-season application where we can do one pound of zinc, follow your applied.

1124
01:59:38,000 --> 01:59:43,000
All of our research indicates that you want to use a chelated zinc source such as zinc EDTA.

1125
01:59:43,000 --> 01:59:48,000
It's typically take mixed and applied, you know, Vory V a spray solution.

1126
01:59:48,000 --> 01:59:55,000
No problem with this particular approach is that it's going to cost you relatively the same amount per acre,

1127
01:59:55,000 --> 01:59:59,000
but it has little to no impact on your sole testing concentration.

1128
01:59:59,000 --> 02:00:05,000
And so really, the problem that I have with foliar zinc applications are they're great if you need them.

1129
02:00:05,000 --> 02:00:11,000
Right. They're great as a rescue application. If if there's some kind of error and you're trying to make a correction.

1130
02:00:11,000 --> 02:00:16,000
But if you're trying to actively or proactively manage your zinc,

1131
02:00:16,000 --> 02:00:22,000
you should really think about doing soil applied zinc to build that soil testing level over time.

1132
02:00:22,000 --> 02:00:27,000
Because when we rely on these foliar applications, they cost relatively the same amount.

1133
02:00:27,000 --> 02:00:32,000
You're getting a tenth of the rate of zinc. It has little to no impact on your sole testing.

1134
02:00:32,000 --> 02:00:34,000
And unfortunately, it's just a bandaid.

1135
02:00:34,000 --> 02:00:43,000
It's something that you have to keep doing year after year when you're growing corn or a cereal crop in that particular field.

1136
02:00:43,000 --> 02:00:47,000
Want to shift gears and talk about my last topic real quick, which is chicken litter.

1137
02:00:47,000 --> 02:00:53,000
You can see the slide here. No, that chicken poop is probably worth a lot more than you think.

1138
02:00:53,000 --> 02:00:57,000
What we've tried to do here is kind of break it down and the value of particular

1139
02:00:57,000 --> 02:01:02,000
nutrients for different types of litter that's been more locally sourced.

1140
02:01:02,000 --> 02:01:06,000
So you can see here, you know, depending on where you're at in the Delta,

1141
02:01:06,000 --> 02:01:10,000
there's been a big influx of poultry production and there's a lot more poultry

1142
02:01:10,000 --> 02:01:15,000
litter available for producers to purchase and utilize in their production systems.

1143
02:01:15,000 --> 02:01:20,000
Over here, on the left hand side, what we have are different litter analysis.

1144
02:01:20,000 --> 02:01:28,000
These are the means or the averages of different litter types that we've analyzed at the agricultural diagnostic lab here in Fayetteville.

1145
02:01:28,000 --> 02:01:36,000
You can see for broilers, we typically have 60, 160, 155, and that's going to equate to 61 pounds a nitrogen,

1146
02:01:36,000 --> 02:01:41,000
61 pounds of pito five and 55 pounds a K two oh per ton.

1147
02:01:41,000 --> 02:01:46,000
And then you can see the associated value of those different nutrients.

1148
02:01:46,000 --> 02:01:53,000
If we were to purchase them as commercial fertilizer, either as urea, triple superphosphate or potash,

1149
02:01:53,000 --> 02:02:04,000
and you can see the associated costs per tonne for those commercial fertilizers and the cost per pound that I have assumed in these calculations.

1150
02:02:04,000 --> 02:02:10,000
So if you just consider, you know, the phosphorus and the potassium value in poultry litter,

1151
02:02:10,000 --> 02:02:12,000
you can see that depending on the source and the analysis,

1152
02:02:12,000 --> 02:02:20,000
it can range anywhere from 33, you know, to 42 dollars per ton in just the value of those two nutrients.

1153
02:02:20,000 --> 02:02:26,000
If you consider, you know, portion of the nitrogen available in that poultry litter, you know,

1154
02:02:26,000 --> 02:02:33,000
for the crop that you're planning, then you can see that that value goes up, you know, quite a bit.

1155
02:02:33,000 --> 02:02:39,000
Typically for our upline crops like corn, we assume that about 50 percent of that nitrogen is going to be available for the crop.

1156
02:02:39,000 --> 02:02:46,000
So, you know, depending on how you count that nitrogen, it's only going to increase the value of your poultry litter.

1157
02:02:46,000 --> 02:02:50,000
So now why am I in the sizing? You know, the value of poultry litter.

1158
02:02:50,000 --> 02:02:57,000
I think in most cases, if we just consider the phosphorus and potassium value of poultry litter.

1159
02:02:57,000 --> 02:03:02,000
We can have purchased and spread or applied.

1160
02:03:02,000 --> 02:03:10,000
For a lower cost than what we what it would take to purchase that equivalent value of nutrients in commercial fertilizer.

1161
02:03:10,000 --> 02:03:15,000
So what I'm saying is a lot of times you can get poultry litter purchased and spread cheaper

1162
02:03:15,000 --> 02:03:20,000
than you could by that same amount of nutrients in commercial or synthetic fertilizer.

1163
02:03:20,000 --> 02:03:28,000
And then when you start to consider the other things like nitrogen or other nutrients or the organic matter that's added with poultry litter,

1164
02:03:28,000 --> 02:03:34,000
then the value only goes up. And so I would encourage you if you'd have access to poultry litter.

1165
02:03:34,000 --> 02:03:38,000
You know, try to get analysis for the poultry litter.

1166
02:03:38,000 --> 02:03:42,000
Try to set down with this type of scenario and determine what its value is.

1167
02:03:42,000 --> 02:03:49,000
And more often than not, you know, the value of that poultry litter is going to far exceed the costs that you're going to have to pay for it.

1168
02:03:49,000 --> 02:03:55,000
And so take that into consideration and try to use it as often as you can.

1169
02:03:55,000 --> 02:04:02,000
So some key takeaways, you know, please remember the corn yield and profitability is going to be tightly linked to our fertilization practices,

1170
02:04:02,000 --> 02:04:07,000
especially profitability, when we're in those high production scenarios.

1171
02:04:07,000 --> 02:04:16,000
You know, the difference between making, you know, twenty or thirty dollars an acre and losing 20 or 30 dollars an acre can be that nitrogen.

1172
02:04:16,000 --> 02:04:22,000
Right, or that P and K rate that you use. So make sure you look at your solar test values.

1173
02:04:22,000 --> 02:04:29,000
Make sure you look at the cost of those your your crop production budget and take all that into consideration.

1174
02:04:29,000 --> 02:04:33,000
You know, remember that there are a lot of different ways to manage nitrogen in corn.

1175
02:04:33,000 --> 02:04:36,000
Know, I hate to say this, but you can do almost everything wrong.

1176
02:04:36,000 --> 02:04:43,000
And as long as you get, you know, at least 220 units out there and you do it in a halfway decent manner,

1177
02:04:43,000 --> 02:04:47,000
you're probably still going to cut a decent amount. Yield. The problem is,

1178
02:04:47,000 --> 02:04:52,000
is we need to increase our efficiency and we need to focus on profitability in the two

1179
02:04:52,000 --> 02:04:59,000
ways that we do that are emphasizing the timing of our application as well as the rates.

1180
02:04:59,000 --> 02:05:03,000
Anything we can move from pre planned to in season is going to increase efficiency.

1181
02:05:03,000 --> 02:05:05,000
It's going to increase profitability.

1182
02:05:05,000 --> 02:05:14,000
And remember that, you know, getting that pinpoint in terms of the nitrogen rate we need and when we need it applied is going to go a long way.

1183
02:05:14,000 --> 02:05:17,000
Also, remember those tools that we have available to use,

1184
02:05:17,000 --> 02:05:25,000
especially such as the leaf or ear leaf nitrogen content nosing management is going to be critical for high yield and corn.

1185
02:05:25,000 --> 02:05:31,000
I think there's a lot of hidden hunger out there that we need to start diagnosing and addressing.

1186
02:05:31,000 --> 02:05:38,000
Lastly, you know, poultry litter is a great nutrient source. If you have access to it, always try to get an analysis and understand, you know,

1187
02:05:38,000 --> 02:05:44,000
the nutrient content and then obviously the nutrient value associated with the poultry litter that you're purchasing.

1188
02:05:44,000 --> 02:05:49,000
Lastly, I would just like to acknowledge the Arkansas Corn and Grain Sorghum Promotion Board for their support.

1189
02:05:49,000 --> 02:05:55,000
Pretty much everything I've discussed here today has been supported through their checkoff funding program.

1190
02:05:55,000 --> 02:06:02,000
I'd also like to thank the University of Arkansas system, Division of Agriculture, my soil fertility crew.

1191
02:06:02,000 --> 02:06:08,000
I know we're going to have a question and answer session, but I just wanted to put up my email and mobile phone number.

1192
02:06:08,000 --> 02:06:14,000
If you guys ever have any questions about nutrient management in any of our Arkansas row crops.

1193
02:06:14,000 --> 02:06:21,000
Feel free to reach out and we'll do our best to answer those questions. Thank you for your time.

1194
02:06:21,000 --> 02:06:27,000
OK. Thank you, Dr. Roberts. And we'll go ahead and start questions for Dr. Roberts.

1195
02:06:27,000 --> 02:06:32,000
And I've got three of them lined up here. Actually, I got more than that. So we'll go ahead and jump in here.

1196
02:06:32,000 --> 02:06:41,000
And if you do have more questions, feel free to put your question in a Q and A box and we'll get to it here momentarily.

1197
02:06:41,000 --> 02:06:52,000
And so first question, how well do impregnated fertilizer's such as Zenk, such as a mayors' or supersede compare with zinc sulfate?

1198
02:06:52,000 --> 02:07:01,000
So in other words, Dr. Roberts, so we recommend 10 pounds of zinc and we need a lot of time to use zinc sulfate as our source of zinc.

1199
02:07:01,000 --> 02:07:06,000
What about if we use Mars or some of these other combination products?

1200
02:07:06,000 --> 02:07:12,000
Can we keep. Do we need to keep the rate the same or can we get the rate back?

1201
02:07:12,000 --> 02:07:18,000
Thanks, Jason. I will tell you, I've got a fair amount of experience with the mayor's product.

1202
02:07:18,000 --> 02:07:21,000
I do not have a lot of experience with the super.

1203
02:07:21,000 --> 02:07:30,000
But they do follow the same type of, you know, similar approach where the zinc is blended into each fertilizer peril.

1204
02:07:30,000 --> 02:07:38,000
And I think that one benefit that you do get with the zinc being impregnated in each Kriol is you get better distribution.

1205
02:07:38,000 --> 02:07:47,000
And so at least a portion of the 10 pounds of actual zinc per acre rate that we recommend is to ensure that we do get adequate,

1206
02:07:47,000 --> 02:07:57,000
you know, uniform distribution of zinc across the soil to go back to those impregnated fertilizers in particular.

1207
02:07:57,000 --> 02:08:03,000
I think one thing that you need to remember is they're not a primary zinc fertilizer source.

1208
02:08:03,000 --> 02:08:10,000
And so typically they're going to be a phosphorus fertilizer source and that's what they really need to be approached as.

1209
02:08:10,000 --> 02:08:18,000
And so when you're looking at something like Mez, I think you want to apply Mezze to, you know, meet your pea fertilizer rate,

1210
02:08:18,000 --> 02:08:27,000
which oftentimes may not give you an adequate level of zinc to meet that 10 pound of actual zinc per acre level.

1211
02:08:27,000 --> 02:08:33,000
And so what you need to do if you're using Mezze, which is a good product, is, you know,

1212
02:08:33,000 --> 02:08:42,000
consider blending a little bit of zinc sulfate or something else with it to give you adequate zinc to overcome,

1213
02:08:42,000 --> 02:08:51,000
you know, a deficit of zinc either in the soil or, you know, low soil test zinc or high P.H. issue.

1214
02:08:51,000 --> 02:08:56,000
And so, you know, long story short, most of those blended fertilizers, you know,

1215
02:08:56,000 --> 02:09:00,000
are pea fertilizer sources, and that's really how they should be applied.

1216
02:09:00,000 --> 02:09:09,000
And then you'll need to supplement with other zinc sources to ensure that you don't have a deficiency.

1217
02:09:09,000 --> 02:09:21,000
OK. Dr. Roberts, other question is similar. And we're also asking a question about Mars, but also what about a spire using aspiring corm?

1218
02:09:21,000 --> 02:09:29,000
OK. So Aspire is another product by Mosaic. You know, most when we look at Aspire in particular,

1219
02:09:29,000 --> 02:09:40,000
it's an impregnated fertilizer with the base source being Murota Potash within Boron added into that particular fertilizer.

1220
02:09:40,000 --> 02:09:47,000
The majority of our research has shown no benefit from boron applications to corn in particular.

1221
02:09:47,000 --> 02:09:58,000
And so we would not recommend aspire to be used in corn, because really what you're looking for is that blend of both potassium fertilizer and boron,

1222
02:09:58,000 --> 02:10:10,000
which would be great for our soybean production systems, but would not necessarily be beneficial in our corn production systems.

1223
02:10:10,000 --> 02:10:20,000
OK. Next question is growing corn on clay soil, so are our nitrogen rates are typically higher on the clip on clay soil.

1224
02:10:20,000 --> 02:10:28,000
So if we do have a productive field and we feel like we have two hundred and twenty plus bushel yield potential.

1225
02:10:28,000 --> 02:10:37,000
How many total units of nitrogen would you recommend? And basically how would you spread that nitrogen out?

1226
02:10:37,000 --> 02:10:43,000
OK, if we're on a heavy, productive clay soil, I think they're a couple of things that you want to consider.

1227
02:10:43,000 --> 02:10:48,000
The first one is, you know, what is your irrigation or your water management on that field?

1228
02:10:48,000 --> 02:10:57,000
Because I think when we get into those heavy clay soils, our bigger concern is how quickly we can get water on and off of those fields,

1229
02:10:57,000 --> 02:11:02,000
because that's going to play a big role in how well we can manage our nitrogen fertilizer.

1230
02:11:02,000 --> 02:11:10,000
The season total NRA for our clay soils. We want to shoot for somewhere around 290 total units of N.

1231
02:11:10,000 --> 02:11:18,000
We talked about that pre plant application timing being one of the least efficient and that's going to definitely hold true on our clay soils,

1232
02:11:18,000 --> 02:11:24,000
especially if they hold water or we can't get water off of them quickly enough.

1233
02:11:24,000 --> 02:11:31,000
And so typically on a clay soil, I want to go, you know, anywhere from 45 to 60 units per plant.

1234
02:11:31,000 --> 02:11:37,000
I don't want to go much over 60 just because, you know, some some reasons we talked about earlier,

1235
02:11:37,000 --> 02:11:45,000
we're gonna be more prone to nitrogen losses, to D9 vacation and those types of things in those heavier clay soils.

1236
02:11:45,000 --> 02:11:53,000
The flip side of that is if I do go, you know, low on my pre plant, then I want to try to come in with another,

1237
02:11:53,000 --> 02:11:58,000
you know, 45 to 60 units of nitrogen at that B to to be three grow stage,

1238
02:11:58,000 --> 02:12:04,000
kind of an early, you know, side dress or light post emergence application and then, you know,

1239
02:12:04,000 --> 02:12:13,000
come back in with another 60 units or so around that you'll be sake's to be a growth stage.

1240
02:12:13,000 --> 02:12:20,000
And then I think on those heavy clay soils, we can see some big benefits from going out with that pre tarsal.

1241
02:12:20,000 --> 02:12:31,000
If we use our year leaf nitrogen test to tell us whether or not we need additional late season nitrogen.

1242
02:12:31,000 --> 02:12:39,000
I know heavy clay soils, it's always a challenge. So on nitrogen management is so another nitrogen question.

1243
02:12:39,000 --> 02:12:47,000
Trent, you talked about cutting back our pre plant nitrogen. So in your mind, on a typical sand or silt loan type.

1244
02:12:47,000 --> 02:12:53,000
So how much would be enough nitrogen, I guess, pre plant?

1245
02:12:53,000 --> 02:13:00,000
And then since you cut back up front, what what would be the maximum amount of urea?

1246
02:13:00,000 --> 02:13:11,000
Most likely you would apply sidetracks at one time. OK, well, if we're talking about lighter textured soils, such as our silt, loans and sands,

1247
02:13:11,000 --> 02:13:17,000
I think we can easily get by with 30 units of nitrogen pre plant incorporated.

1248
02:13:17,000 --> 02:13:27,000
All of our research has shown that that's more than adequate to get us to that B6 to be a growth stage where we can ply the bulk of our nitrogen.

1249
02:13:27,000 --> 02:13:37,000
When you're talking about the max amount that you can apply, you know, in season as a side dress from a nitrogen right standpoint,

1250
02:13:37,000 --> 02:13:46,000
you know, we routinely put out 200, 300 pounds of N at one time in our research without any problems.

1251
02:13:46,000 --> 02:13:55,000
I think what you have to do as a producer, as a consultant is say, what can I get spread evenly and uniformly?

1252
02:13:55,000 --> 02:14:02,000
And that really should be your maximum, because depending on your application equipment, you know, we want to avoid streaking.

1253
02:14:02,000 --> 02:14:10,000
We want to avoid, you know, those those types of issues with those very high side dress rates.

1254
02:14:10,000 --> 02:14:17,000
So really, I mean, I think we could go up to a hundred, one hundred and fifty units, you know, plus of nitrogen.

1255
02:14:17,000 --> 02:14:22,000
It's just whether or not we can get it spread uniformly.

1256
02:14:22,000 --> 02:14:33,000
To me, that's really the limit of the rates that we can put out at side dresses is what we can put out uniformly.

1257
02:14:33,000 --> 02:14:37,000
OK. I've got one more question you relates to Zeke.

1258
02:14:37,000 --> 02:14:42,000
So, you know, in a lot of years we plant corn staple seed that.

1259
02:14:42,000 --> 02:14:48,000
So ideally, you know, especially on heavy ground, a lot of people want to get the ground tilled up,

1260
02:14:48,000 --> 02:14:53,000
rebated and then just drop in and plant, you know, come March.

1261
02:14:53,000 --> 02:15:01,000
So if I didn't put his zenk out last fall, embedded up and my field needs zinc on it,

1262
02:15:01,000 --> 02:15:12,000
how effective is applying surface supplying zinc sulfate or Mars or any type of granular zinc product?

1263
02:15:12,000 --> 02:15:18,000
So when we start looking at granular zinc sources, you know, whether they're zinc sulfates or zinc oxides,

1264
02:15:18,000 --> 02:15:23,000
you know, the two things that you need to consider are the solubility of the zinc source.

1265
02:15:23,000 --> 02:15:31,000
And then, you know, zinc mobility is really going to be restricted in the soil unless it's a chelated zinc source.

1266
02:15:31,000 --> 02:15:38,000
So typically, our granular zinc sources, you know, we would consider them to be relatively immobile in the soil,

1267
02:15:38,000 --> 02:15:43,000
which means that surface supplied zinc, granular zinc sources.

1268
02:15:43,000 --> 02:15:47,000
You know, typically they're not going to move down into the root system.

1269
02:15:47,000 --> 02:15:52,000
And so what that means is a lot of times, you know, when those plants are going to be able to access and uptake,

1270
02:15:52,000 --> 02:16:00,000
that zinc is after we start irrigating and those corn roots actually kind of grow up towards the soil surface,

1271
02:16:00,000 --> 02:16:10,000
and they're accessing that that surface layer of of soil where that zinc has fallen and been attracted or attached to the soil.

1272
02:16:10,000 --> 02:16:20,000
Colloids. And so long story short, zinc is pretty much immobile in the soil when it's added as a granular source.

1273
02:16:20,000 --> 02:16:28,000
And, you know, really, if you've got to go out and know post emergence or you've got to apply zinc,

1274
02:16:28,000 --> 02:16:36,000
you know, to the soil surface without incorporation. Those are the types of situations where a foliar source might be, you know,

1275
02:16:36,000 --> 02:16:41,000
a better option, especially if you're in a very low soil testing situation.

1276
02:16:41,000 --> 02:16:47,000
But any time we're doing foliar, I would encourage you to do a chelated zinc source,

1277
02:16:47,000 --> 02:16:53,000
because that chelated zinc source provides for both foliar uptake as well as soil uptake.

1278
02:16:53,000 --> 02:16:56,000
Because when we apply a chelated zinc source,

1279
02:16:56,000 --> 02:17:07,000
then that zinc becomes mobile in the soil so it can actually move down into the root zone and be actively taken out by the corn point it.

1280
02:17:07,000 --> 02:17:15,000
OK. Dran, I've got one more question on Zeke and then we'll probably stop the questions for for on the fertility section.

1281
02:17:15,000 --> 02:17:24,000
Super Zinc allows you to put a three pound rate of zinc versus one pound Mars or one one pound of zinc with a mass.

1282
02:17:24,000 --> 02:17:32,000
So if if you put out three pan, basically if you put out three pounds of zinc versus your normal 10 pounds,

1283
02:17:32,000 --> 02:17:35,000
I guess that steel slowly would raise your soil,

1284
02:17:35,000 --> 02:17:43,000
zinc levels a little bit that I think you said four years of applying 10 pounds of actual zinc through zinc sulfate

1285
02:17:43,000 --> 02:17:49,000
would be enough to raise your soil levels for up into the optimum level if you were at an at the low levels.

1286
02:17:49,000 --> 02:17:58,000
Begin with. Yeah, so we we personally have not worked with superceding, but I think it does become a great effect.

1287
02:17:58,000 --> 02:18:08,000
So when you're adding that 10 pounds of actual zinc per acre for applications, you know, whether it's in sequence or,

1288
02:18:08,000 --> 02:18:13,000
you know, every time you have a cereal crop in the rotation, you know, four years will typically build that.

1289
02:18:13,000 --> 02:18:23,000
Well, if you're cutting that 10 pounds back to a third of that, you know, three pounds, you probably will see some building in your soil to zinc.

1290
02:18:23,000 --> 02:18:26,000
It's probably just going to take a significant amount, you know,

1291
02:18:26,000 --> 02:18:33,000
longer to get into that optimum category where we would no longer recommend a zinc application.

1292
02:18:33,000 --> 02:18:44,000
But I do think the benefit of those impregnated fertilizers is definitely the uniformity of distribution, which which is an added benefit.

1293
02:18:44,000 --> 02:18:50,000
We have one more question before we go to Dr. Studebake.

1294
02:18:50,000 --> 02:18:51,000
Are you talking about poultry litter?

1295
02:18:51,000 --> 02:18:58,000
Is there any appreciable zinc that we're going to get out of poultry litter since we put out two tons of chicken later?

1296
02:18:58,000 --> 02:19:04,000
Can we expect to get his out of that? There is gonna be some zinc and in poultry litter.

1297
02:19:04,000 --> 02:19:12,000
I wouldn't consider it an appreciable amount that we would necessarily count towards zinc management.

1298
02:19:12,000 --> 02:19:20,000
And it is going to vary greatly just because zinc concentrations in poultry litter are going to be tied to.

1299
02:19:20,000 --> 02:19:29,000
We'll say the feed additives, you know, the vitamins and minerals that they're adding to the specific chicken feed diets.

1300
02:19:29,000 --> 02:19:37,000
And so if if you want to get in contact with me, I can get you some more information on that specifically.

1301
02:19:37,000 --> 02:19:46,000
But it does vary a little bit more greatly than our macro nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium.

1302
02:19:46,000 --> 02:19:56,000
OK, great, great. That sounds great, Dr. Roberts. Well, we do have more fertility questions was to have a little bit of time at the U.N. here for Q&A.

1303
02:19:56,000 --> 02:20:00,000
So we'll go ahead and move on to Dr. Glenn Studebaker.

1304
02:20:00,000 --> 02:20:09,000
He's our extension entomologist and IP coordinator, and he's going to be discussing corn and grain, sorghum, insect management.

1305
02:20:09,000 --> 02:20:15,000
So, Glenn. This is Glenn Studebaker,

1306
02:20:15,000 --> 02:20:25,000
extension entomologist and APM co-ordinator with the University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Service.

1307
02:20:25,000 --> 02:20:30,000
They would visit with you about insect management in field corn and grain, sorghum.

1308
02:20:30,000 --> 02:20:35,000
We'll start with Phil Corn. There are insects that attack Phil Corn throughout the season,

1309
02:20:35,000 --> 02:20:43,000
but there are two times during the season that field corn is most susceptible to insect damage and most sensitive.

1310
02:20:43,000 --> 02:20:47,000
That's during the early stages at the seedling stage.

1311
02:20:47,000 --> 02:20:55,000
And right after the seed was planted and then the early reproductive stages during your formation.

1312
02:20:55,000 --> 02:21:02,000
There are some things that we can do to avoid high insect populations later in the season.

1313
02:21:02,000 --> 02:21:08,000
One of those things is to plant early planning early does avoid those higher populations of your worm and

1314
02:21:08,000 --> 02:21:15,000
southwestern cornball tend to be a bigger problem later in the season for our plants as crop early enough.

1315
02:21:15,000 --> 02:21:24,000
He could avoid these populations when they when they beat up another thing because there are so many social insects that attack

1316
02:21:24,000 --> 02:21:33,000
corn roots and the corn he was planted using a seed treatment or inferior insecticide can help to minimize those problems.

1317
02:21:33,000 --> 02:21:39,000
And also, as well as suppress seedling pests such as Ginzburg and stinkbug species.

1318
02:21:39,000 --> 02:21:45,000
And finally, what growers need to do if they plant non BTD corn is manage southwestern corn boar,

1319
02:21:45,000 --> 02:21:51,000
which is one of the more destructive pests of corn in Arkansas.

1320
02:21:51,000 --> 02:21:55,000
Let's talk about corn, see treatments, all corn.

1321
02:21:55,000 --> 02:22:06,000
Corn comes with the base treatment of the 250, right, which is usually adequate for most small insect pests and most years.

1322
02:22:06,000 --> 02:22:11,000
Generally, we have areas that have wire worms, southern corn rootworms vary from year to year.

1323
02:22:11,000 --> 02:22:18,000
And seed corn maggot is a fairly common one that's in most fields most years that growers can

1324
02:22:18,000 --> 02:22:23,000
have a problem with chinch bugs or seedling pests that attack the plant after it comes up.

1325
02:22:23,000 --> 02:22:33,000
That used to be a big problem, but we rarely see problems with that because of the sea treatments that are used on most of our corn plants.

1326
02:22:33,000 --> 02:22:41,000
However, if four growers were to plant into a cover crop. They may want to consider going with a higher rate.

1327
02:22:41,000 --> 02:22:48,000
There is a rate range that we can give on his corn seeds, planting and going with the higher 12 50 right.

1328
02:22:48,000 --> 02:22:56,000
Which is one point two five milligrams of active ingredient per kernel is really what will you recommend if you're going to plant into a cover crop?

1329
02:22:56,000 --> 02:23:05,000
Cover crops tend to have higher populations of things such as cut worms or stinkbugs that can move on to the corn after it emerges.

1330
02:23:05,000 --> 02:23:12,000
So we generally recommend using one of these higher rates if you're going to plant into a cover crop.

1331
02:23:12,000 --> 02:23:14,000
I'm talking about stinkbugs,

1332
02:23:14,000 --> 02:23:23,000
they do cause damage to seedling karma that can also cause damage later on during that early reproductive stage when the ears are beginning to form.

1333
02:23:23,000 --> 02:23:28,000
And this can be quite, quite damaging if they feed on that newly formed deer just as it's beginning to grow.

1334
02:23:28,000 --> 02:23:36,000
Once the air gets to be a larger size, fills in stinkbugs, can still feed on it, but they cause little yield loss.

1335
02:23:36,000 --> 02:23:38,000
Our troop levels stinkbugs on seedling colon to be.

1336
02:23:38,000 --> 02:23:45,000
If you're seeing about 10 percent of the plants infested with stinkbugs core still needs to be scouted.

1337
02:23:45,000 --> 02:23:52,000
Even though there is a C treatment because the treatments don't last forever. And heavy populations can sometimes overwhelm those.

1338
02:23:52,000 --> 02:23:57,000
So Gorz do need to scout those fields out early earth formation.

1339
02:23:57,000 --> 02:24:07,000
We drop that level to five percent of an infestation rate because it is a little more damaging or more costly on yield.

1340
02:24:07,000 --> 02:24:15,000
Let's switch gears now and talk about corn wars. There are two species cornball that occur in Arkansas in the tiger field corn.

1341
02:24:15,000 --> 02:24:22,000
Those are the southwestern corn boar and the European corn boar, as you can see over here to the top right picture.

1342
02:24:22,000 --> 02:24:24,000
That is a larvae of a southwest of corn borers.

1343
02:24:24,000 --> 02:24:33,000
A creamy colored insect has black spots on it, whereas the European corn bore of the picture below is more of a flesh colored corn boar.

1344
02:24:33,000 --> 02:24:37,000
Most prevalent, the most common species in Arkansas is going to be the southwestern corn bore.

1345
02:24:37,000 --> 02:24:42,000
And that's when we tend to get more problems with in our non duty corn.

1346
02:24:42,000 --> 02:24:46,000
Again, remember, this is only a pest of non B.T. corn.

1347
02:24:46,000 --> 02:24:51,000
The B.T. corn hybrids do very good job of controlling both of these borers.

1348
02:24:51,000 --> 02:24:58,000
And so we don't really worry about that having to scout for those if you're growing a B.T. hybrid.

1349
02:24:58,000 --> 02:25:03,000
The main damage from porn boards is going to be stock tumbling, particularly the southwestern corner,

1350
02:25:03,000 --> 02:25:10,000
or the malls will lay their eggs on leaves throughout the season.

1351
02:25:10,000 --> 02:25:14,000
And when the malls when the caterpillars hatch out of those eggs, I'll feed on the leaves for a little bit.

1352
02:25:14,000 --> 02:25:17,000
This really doesn't cause a whole lot of damage to the plant.

1353
02:25:17,000 --> 02:25:23,000
After they feed for several days, they will tell into the stock and that's where they will remain for the remainder of their life.

1354
02:25:23,000 --> 02:25:27,000
The stock stock telling does interfere with the nutrient flow in the plant.

1355
02:25:27,000 --> 02:25:33,000
Also, the main damage that it causes is it weakens the steam, particularly with the southwestern homeboy,

1356
02:25:33,000 --> 02:25:40,000
because it verbals to stock from the inside when it becomes full brown very weakening the stem and

1357
02:25:40,000 --> 02:25:48,000
causing it to lodge with heavy winds or other things may come along and cause that to happen.

1358
02:25:48,000 --> 02:25:53,000
This is really where we see the majority of our yield loss from Southwest record corn.

1359
02:25:53,000 --> 02:25:58,000
And now these things overwinter as larvae at the base of the stock.

1360
02:25:58,000 --> 02:26:03,000
So at that last generation, the caterpillar burrows down to the base of the stock.

1361
02:26:03,000 --> 02:26:08,000
They're close to the root system, basically below the soil level and over winners as a larvae.

1362
02:26:08,000 --> 02:26:13,000
So they're out there right now during this time of year because of this behavior.

1363
02:26:13,000 --> 02:26:20,000
Stop destruction is what we do recommend for conventional no ?) corn.

1364
02:26:20,000 --> 02:26:29,000
This does help to reduce populations for the next year and can be a good management practice for growers growing maybe corn.

1365
02:26:29,000 --> 02:26:35,000
We do not recommend doing no till conventional corn behind a field of conventional

1366
02:26:35,000 --> 02:26:43,000
corn because this can tend to build up populations of thousands record for.

1367
02:26:43,000 --> 02:26:49,000
Now, throughout the season, we can't monitor for Southwest a corn balls, and that can't be monitored with a pheromone trap.

1368
02:26:49,000 --> 02:26:55,000
The traps stop. A trap we use is called a universal trap. It's a bucket type trap.

1369
02:26:55,000 --> 02:26:57,000
It's not very large.

1370
02:26:57,000 --> 02:27:05,000
And we like to have those put out in early May to try to determine what those overrunning populations might be like when they emerge.

1371
02:27:05,000 --> 02:27:15,000
We do have a threshold based on the number of miles per week in a trap, and it varies depending on that first or second generation.

1372
02:27:15,000 --> 02:27:19,000
That early generation, because the plants are smaller.

1373
02:27:19,000 --> 02:27:29,000
We tell growers to consider using a trap threshold of about 50 per trap for a week in May, in early June.

1374
02:27:29,000 --> 02:27:34,000
But generally are big populations show up during that second generation,

1375
02:27:34,000 --> 02:27:38,000
which comes out in late June or early July, picking up part of the state you're in.

1376
02:27:38,000 --> 02:27:45,000
That's when we raise that threshold to one hundred more traps. And we we see that really grow.

1377
02:27:45,000 --> 02:27:53,000
Doesn't need to worry about Southwestern Corn borers less unless we're approaching that 100 per trap per week.

1378
02:27:53,000 --> 02:28:00,000
If you're going to use a trap, it needs to be utilized properly. Lure is placed in that little basket at the top of the trap.

1379
02:28:00,000 --> 02:28:05,000
And then we generally put a kill strip in the lower part of the bucket.

1380
02:28:05,000 --> 02:28:07,000
They come into the trap.

1381
02:28:07,000 --> 02:28:15,000
The way things work, they admit a fair amount that looks that you could see it would look sort of like a plume of smoke coming off that trap,

1382
02:28:15,000 --> 02:28:17,000
which attracts the male models.

1383
02:28:17,000 --> 02:28:25,000
And then they come in to that that fair amount and tend to drop down into that bucket and kill strip kills him and we can count them.

1384
02:28:25,000 --> 02:28:31,000
One thing to remember, there are several sources of pheromones and there are actually two different manufacturers.

1385
02:28:31,000 --> 02:28:38,000
The hurricane type pheromone comes in a strip and it does not stay in that little Leura basket very well.

1386
02:28:38,000 --> 02:28:43,000
It tends to fall out. So you need to use a paperclip rubber band or something to hold it in there.

1387
02:28:43,000 --> 02:28:49,000
Some of the other pheromone types will stay in there and we don't have that much problems with those.

1388
02:28:49,000 --> 02:28:57,000
But that is something to keep in mind. Pheromone lasts about two to three weeks and should be changed because it won't last forever.

1389
02:28:57,000 --> 02:29:02,000
Another thing to remember is where you place the traps. We'd like to place the traps around the field, but not in the field.

1390
02:29:02,000 --> 02:29:09,000
They need to have good airflow. They also need to keep the bee in an area where the weeds will not take over.

1391
02:29:09,000 --> 02:29:16,000
When you get a lot of vegetation going around the trap, it does interfere with their pheromones being able to be detected by the moors.

1392
02:29:16,000 --> 02:29:26,000
So need have it in an open area around field border somewhere, preferably near a highlight pole or a post of some sort.

1393
02:29:26,000 --> 02:29:31,000
So that are not knocked down by equipment. All right,

1394
02:29:31,000 --> 02:29:42,000
another thing that the grower or whoever is monitoring the trash needs to be aware of is to be able to recognize the southwestern cornborer moth.

1395
02:29:42,000 --> 02:29:48,000
The malls are a better half inch to an inch long, and they're a green color.

1396
02:29:48,000 --> 02:29:56,000
They have no markings on the back or on the wings. Other species, such as borer in particular, sometimes will get into traps.

1397
02:29:56,000 --> 02:29:59,000
But we don't count those miles. You want to only count the Southwest or corn(?)

1398
02:29:59,000 --> 02:30:06,000
Sometimes I've seen Army worm malls and others that may make their way into the trap perhaps or contracted to killer.

1399
02:30:06,000 --> 02:30:13,000
The pheromones may attract a few of them if it's similar to their own fair moment for their species.

1400
02:30:13,000 --> 02:30:19,000
Another thing to remember. Make sure you using the right pheromones. If you're putting it in a trap.

1401
02:30:19,000 --> 02:30:25,000
We have had instances where someone was running more than one species running bollworm traps and they put the wrong (?) for trap.

1402
02:30:25,000 --> 02:30:32,000
And when the candidate had a lot of mols in it and they thought they were

1403
02:30:32,000 --> 02:30:38,000
caught bollworms when actually they were bollworm was because they both wrong, wrong pheromones in the trap.

1404
02:30:38,000 --> 02:30:46,000
So please be aware that when you're putting traps out, these tools work great, but only if we use them correctly.

1405
02:30:46,000 --> 02:30:55,000
Most of our counties have county agents that are run in at least a few traps where conventional corn and BT corn is being ruined.

1406
02:30:55,000 --> 02:31:04,000
Now we have had conventional corn or not corn grown in the state for for several years now and every acreage has been increasing.

1407
02:31:04,000 --> 02:31:08,000
And as a consequence, it's not surprising that we're beginning to see higher,

1408
02:31:08,000 --> 02:31:14,000
higher populations in some of the surrounding counties, Woodruff in Jackson County or Monroe County.

1409
02:31:14,000 --> 02:31:17,000
Those that area has been kind of a hotspot over the years for southwestern corn borers

1410
02:31:17,000 --> 02:31:26,000
We're beginning to see those numbers kind of move out as the amount of (?) still an IBT corn grown in the state.

1411
02:31:26,000 --> 02:31:31,000
We will probably see the numbers spreading and see populations increase as well.

1412
02:31:31,000 --> 02:31:37,000
So it's very important that we get out there and utilize these traps are easy to use,

1413
02:31:37,000 --> 02:31:44,000
not really expensive, and they do a good job of telling us when we might have populations in the field.

1414
02:31:44,000 --> 02:31:51,000
We also post these trap catches on Arkansas Row Crops blog.

1415
02:31:51,000 --> 02:31:57,000
You can find those alerts as they come out and you see there's a link there.

1416
02:31:57,000 --> 02:32:01,000
You can click on lecture. So the trap catches. But look at that.

1417
02:32:01,000 --> 02:32:05,000
As the season progresses, you can see what's coming on.

1418
02:32:05,000 --> 02:32:12,000
Now, Fargo does have high numbers and needs to treat. There are several different options that Gore can use.

1419
02:32:12,000 --> 02:32:17,000
We tend to recommend using some insecticides that may have longer residual.

1420
02:32:17,000 --> 02:32:20,000
If you have one that's put out with a two to three week residual,

1421
02:32:20,000 --> 02:32:29,000
putting it out about the time those trap catches hit high will have that insecticide out there at a catch or before the eggs hatch,

1422
02:32:29,000 --> 02:32:37,000
which is very important. Once that moth or a caterpillar goes into the stem and burrows into the stem, you you can't control it with an insecticide.

1423
02:32:37,000 --> 02:32:45,000
So we need to make sure the insecticides that are long enough, which is why these longer residual insecticides do a little better job.

1424
02:32:45,000 --> 02:32:52,000
You don't have to have your timing down quite as close as you do if you use a pyrethrum or one of these others as a short residual.

1425
02:32:52,000 --> 02:32:56,000
Those would have to be put out right about the time the eggs were laid in order to really control,

1426
02:32:56,000 --> 02:33:02,000
whereas the longer residual products could be put out a little bit earlier and are still going to be out there.

1427
02:33:02,000 --> 02:33:09,000
There are some not necessarily new insecticides, new active ingredient, but some new formulations that are available.

1428
02:33:09,000 --> 02:33:14,000
Elvis and Manticore are two newer products this year.

1429
02:33:14,000 --> 02:33:20,000
Again, they're similar to Bases and Prevot Thorn and that they both contain clearance and multiple of the elements.

1430
02:33:20,000 --> 02:33:23,000
Has that PAE rethought in years with it as well?

1431
02:33:23,000 --> 02:33:33,000
Colling besieged US or the Intrepid and there's quite a few generics that we've listed below that you can see that are also available.

1432
02:33:33,000 --> 02:33:38,000
Any of these give a fairly good residual as far as controlling corridors.

1433
02:33:38,000 --> 02:33:51,000
Now, that's really what you will look at and not BTC horn playing BTC horn you gives excellent cornball control and we really don't worry about cause.

1434
02:33:51,000 --> 02:33:58,000
But what are the benefits? B.T. corn outside of cornball control. In the past we did see some Hornibrook controls.

1435
02:33:58,000 --> 02:34:05,000
Fahlman were where control. But we're starting to see that's kind of dropping off and not working as well.

1436
02:34:05,000 --> 02:34:10,000
What are the advantages and disadvantages to be the Hornets? It does cost money.

1437
02:34:10,000 --> 02:34:19,000
Particularly with the, with the, with the stack traits. And we are beginning to see some resistance in Corner one and Fall Army to the BEATTIES.

1438
02:34:19,000 --> 02:34:26,000
So that could be a problem. These are most of our common products that are available in Arkansas.

1439
02:34:26,000 --> 02:34:37,000
We have the single Gene Herkie Ex AgResearch Cornball Yilgarn, which have one BTD gene, and then there are the stack traits with two BEATTIES.

1440
02:34:37,000 --> 02:34:44,000
The double pros intersect and smart stacks of PowerCore have three.

1441
02:34:44,000 --> 02:34:54,000
None of these have the gene in them. And then we have the Agros Rabbit Terror Lepra and tricep to the heavy Davit gene and the Vitt protein,

1442
02:34:54,000 --> 02:34:57,000
which is a little more active against some of these other species.

1443
02:34:57,000 --> 02:35:06,000
But then again, do we really need those since our primary target is corn bore and all of these products do a good job of controlling corn boar?

1444
02:35:06,000 --> 02:35:10,000
Do we really need to control corn earworm and corn? Well, it does look bad.

1445
02:35:10,000 --> 02:35:15,000
When you peel in your back, you see your room feeding on the kernel.

1446
02:35:15,000 --> 02:35:21,000
We tend to think maybe it's causing Samuell loss when in reality it really may not.

1447
02:35:21,000 --> 02:35:26,000
We're putting tremendous pressure on these products because the majority of our

1448
02:35:26,000 --> 02:35:31,000
corn earworm do go through our fuel corn because of the way the season progresses.

1449
02:35:31,000 --> 02:35:45,000
And then they move to other crops as successive generations. These are some hybrids that were planted at Kaiser, that first bar say not IBT hybrid.

1450
02:35:45,000 --> 02:35:52,000
You can see it's not uncommon to find 70, 80 percent, even 100 percent year damage from corn earworm.

1451
02:35:52,000 --> 02:35:58,000
The double pro right there next to it showing the same level, actually a little higher damage than the Norm Beatty.

1452
02:35:58,000 --> 02:36:09,000
So what we're seeing is that these typical Beatty hybrids do not do no longer control corn earworm and give us any suppression.

1453
02:36:09,000 --> 02:36:17,000
The last three, there are all VEP type hybrids and they are given that some control used to be we found zero damage on these.

1454
02:36:17,000 --> 02:36:19,000
Now we're starting to see some.

1455
02:36:19,000 --> 02:36:25,000
If you look at some of our other locations, we're actually seeing a little bit higher level damage levels in some of these.

1456
02:36:25,000 --> 02:36:30,000
And that's what we used to see with double pro when it first came out. Now you look at it, it looks no different than IBT.

1457
02:36:30,000 --> 02:36:37,000
So our fear is that we're going to begin to see the resistance developing to.

1458
02:36:37,000 --> 02:36:43,000
And while we just said that corn earworm does not really cause a loss in field corn,

1459
02:36:43,000 --> 02:36:53,000
it can be a problem for other other B.T. crops such as cotton and where the corn area is much more damaging because these populations do go to cotton.

1460
02:36:53,000 --> 02:36:58,000
Again, here's what location in Pine Bluff, which you see there were pro hundred percent.

1461
02:36:58,000 --> 02:37:09,000
The damage is like NBT. So pretty much got resistance in these.

1462
02:37:09,000 --> 02:37:22,000
Beatty hybrids, too, with Cornier. There's also another effective PTM Cornier Corn earworm tend to be cannibalistic on the horn and on a kabasele.

1463
02:37:22,000 --> 02:37:27,000
You're you'll seldom see more than two on it on an ear because they eat each other.

1464
02:37:27,000 --> 02:37:33,000
However, when they feed on sublethal doses of B.T. toxins on deer,

1465
02:37:33,000 --> 02:37:39,000
we do see that they become less cannibalistic and you may find as many as three to five on here.

1466
02:37:39,000 --> 02:37:45,000
So there is a little change in their behavior. So what do we recommend?

1467
02:37:45,000 --> 02:37:55,000
Well, the thing we do best is follow the refuge when you can't hear your B.T. corn, even though they do a great job of controlling corn boar.

1468
02:37:55,000 --> 02:38:03,000
There have been few. And this is for wage, the resistance popping up in other parts of the country in corn wars.

1469
02:38:03,000 --> 02:38:10,000
So the refuge playing a refuge should help with that. The single genes that refuge all the others are 20 percent.

1470
02:38:10,000 --> 02:38:14,000
And we're really leaning towards a resource.

1471
02:38:14,000 --> 02:38:22,000
Try to avoid using a bit fried. Are there hybrid if you can't, because of the effect that this is having on what we did,

1472
02:38:22,000 --> 02:38:27,000
resistance developing on that are the same proteins that are used to B.T. Cotton.

1473
02:38:27,000 --> 02:38:33,000
If we see resistance pop up in the hip because of the pressure put on corn,

1474
02:38:33,000 --> 02:38:39,000
it's going to really cause us in trouble for those growers who grow cotton later on.

1475
02:38:39,000 --> 02:38:40,000
As I said,

1476
02:38:40,000 --> 02:38:49,000
we really don't see any yield loss of corn earworm probably because choreopoem feeds that tippity here and we see the majority of our damage.

1477
02:38:49,000 --> 02:38:57,000
But that air clip really contributes maybe twelve percent yield studies that we did.

1478
02:38:57,000 --> 02:39:03,000
And here's the most that it contributed was two percent to the total yield.

1479
02:39:03,000 --> 02:39:09,000
And that's actually, I think, less than that, because we counted every kernel, all those tiny kernels went up well enough to back the combat.

1480
02:39:09,000 --> 02:39:18,000
So I think probably more like less than 10 percent of the yield is actually in the tip, which is where that earworm is feeding.

1481
02:39:18,000 --> 02:39:24,000
So what are some things to consider? Fast growing corn management.

1482
02:39:24,000 --> 02:39:28,000
Again, avoid no till practices and IBT fuel corn.

1483
02:39:28,000 --> 02:39:35,000
If the history of Southwest and Kornhauser use a higher sea treatment rate, if you're planning behind a grass cover crop in particular.

1484
02:39:35,000 --> 02:39:41,000
Follow the refuge requirements. And as we say in all crops, scout them weekly.

1485
02:39:41,000 --> 02:39:49,000
Use pheromone traps for southwestern corn, bore it not B.T. corn and utilize our thresholds and treat only if you necessarily have to.

1486
02:39:49,000 --> 02:39:56,000
All right, let's switch gears now and talk about grain, sorghum, insect pests.

1487
02:39:56,000 --> 02:40:00,000
There are a lot of insects that feed on grain sorghum. This is the list here.

1488
02:40:00,000 --> 02:40:06,000
Even though there's a lot out there, there are several that are really the ones that we're concerned with.

1489
02:40:06,000 --> 02:40:14,000
Sugar cane aphid. Swapna showed up about five, six years ago and it's now.

1490
02:40:14,000 --> 02:40:23,000
Yearly problem for sorghum growers and then are head feeders, especially sorghum agent in the caterpillar's complex that feed on the heads.

1491
02:40:23,000 --> 02:40:28,000
Really, what we're going to concentrate on as we talk about insects and sorghum.

1492
02:40:28,000 --> 02:40:35,000
What are those hifi, their sorghum mej, which is a tiny little insect and we'll talk about it, could cause quite a few problems.

1493
02:40:35,000 --> 02:40:42,000
Earworms following norm web worm stick in the sugar cane aphid feeds on all parts of the plant, but also gets on the head.

1494
02:40:42,000 --> 02:40:47,000
That's really where it causes quite a few problems. Let's talk about sorghum.

1495
02:40:47,000 --> 02:40:52,000
Its first sorghum, which is one of the most important of grain.

1496
02:40:52,000 --> 02:40:56,000
Sorghum, can cause drastic losses in yield.

1497
02:40:56,000 --> 02:41:00,000
The tiny little orange insect. This is what they look like.

1498
02:41:00,000 --> 02:41:06,000
It's a tiny fly. They're not very big, but they are bright orange color. So they're not too hard to identify.

1499
02:41:06,000 --> 02:41:10,000
They only attack sorghum during the firing stage. So they're easy to scout.

1500
02:41:10,000 --> 02:41:16,000
We're in that in that respecters. This one time. We're really looking for them prior to bloom.

1501
02:41:16,000 --> 02:41:20,000
They're not a problem. Once the crop is done blooming, they're not a problem.

1502
02:41:20,000 --> 02:41:32,000
So really, it's during this yellow anther stage that we look for Firmage out there attacking the sorghum lifecycle last about two to three weeks.

1503
02:41:32,000 --> 02:41:36,000
But the adults only live for about 24 hours. They don't feed.

1504
02:41:36,000 --> 02:41:40,000
Basically, they might lay eggs and then they die. Then the larvae hatches inside.

1505
02:41:40,000 --> 02:41:46,000
This seed feeds on it and hollows it out and yield loss.

1506
02:41:46,000 --> 02:41:56,000
They also feed on on Johnson Grass. So that's a source of for for our grain sorghum.

1507
02:41:56,000 --> 02:42:07,000
There is an effect on yield. We see our highest yield loss in around 20 percent of flour.

1508
02:42:07,000 --> 02:42:11,000
And we base that on when we really want to look for me out in the field.

1509
02:42:11,000 --> 02:42:18,000
Several may have done it on head. And they can be quite devastating.

1510
02:42:18,000 --> 02:42:24,000
This is a test that had a Kaiser, as you could see, where we did not treat.

1511
02:42:24,000 --> 02:42:31,000
We were down below 20 bushels breaker, whereas the all the insecticides that we used had a pretty good job of controlling.

1512
02:42:31,000 --> 02:42:36,000
Sorghum is not hard to control, but timing is an issue.

1513
02:42:36,000 --> 02:42:42,000
Again, Kalac, with corn planting early, does help to avoid populations of sorghum marriage.

1514
02:42:42,000 --> 02:42:47,000
Again, moderate these things during flowering thresholds for seeing one to two per head,

1515
02:42:47,000 --> 02:42:56,000
while when about 25 to 30 groups into the heads in the field are flowering, usually we do you see losses in those later planned to fields.

1516
02:42:56,000 --> 02:43:02,000
And you need to check those fields every few days while it's blooming because they're only out for 24 hours.

1517
02:43:02,000 --> 02:43:10,000
Two or three days later, it's going to be a different crop of adaptivity, a avoid other all the other automatic allocations.

1518
02:43:10,000 --> 02:43:23,000
If you can. We did get into a habit of just spraying fields over Springfield that bloom to control mej with this does flare the cotton,

1519
02:43:23,000 --> 02:43:26,000
the sugar cane aphid, which is a devastating insect as well.

1520
02:43:26,000 --> 02:43:33,000
Ungrazed. We're talking about caterpillars real quick. There's a complex cornier wind farm,

1521
02:43:33,000 --> 02:43:39,000
Sorum Beb worm that are the ones that really can cause damage on on sort of some sometimes you'll see

1522
02:43:39,000 --> 02:43:45,000
this little geometric caterpillar and that's a picture of it down there is called halfling moth.

1523
02:43:45,000 --> 02:43:54,000
It's really not economic, but you will sometimes see these if you're sampling a field, a threshold of corn earworm as one or more per head.

1524
02:43:54,000 --> 02:44:01,000
Usually we want to wait for these larvae to be about half a slope. There's a lot of predators that feed on these as far as what to use.

1525
02:44:01,000 --> 02:44:06,000
Provan or Ventoux Corps works pretty well.

1526
02:44:06,000 --> 02:44:11,000
He'll again, which is a virus now. Now, with Helidon, you're going to go after smaller larvae.

1527
02:44:11,000 --> 02:44:17,000
So probably don't treat before they're heavy long. If you use huge inland eight like these,

1528
02:44:17,000 --> 02:44:25,000
the pipe pyrethrum do not work well anymore on cornier audience or so we tried to avoid those fall army worm because

1529
02:44:25,000 --> 02:44:34,000
the same type damages threshold to save one or more per head and half inch long stay away from Pyrates Royds.

1530
02:44:34,000 --> 02:44:39,000
Same list of insecticides with the exception Helidon Hugin. Does it work on this particular insect?

1531
02:44:39,000 --> 02:44:45,000
It's just for Cornier Worm now. Third species is smaller and more hairy.

1532
02:44:45,000 --> 02:44:51,000
This is the sort of web worm treatment for these as five to six percent because they are smaller and this feels slower,

1533
02:44:51,000 --> 02:44:57,000
they don't cause quite as much damage. Again, pirates throats not work very well on easy either.

1534
02:44:57,000 --> 02:45:05,000
A lot of times you'll see a complex web worm, you might see hornier or manpower worm on the same field.

1535
02:45:05,000 --> 02:45:09,000
Let's talk about sugarcane aphid. And this is an aphid, but it is very devastating.

1536
02:45:09,000 --> 02:45:14,000
They can grow blow up very fast in a field.

1537
02:45:14,000 --> 02:45:22,000
Start out usually on leaves, on the undersides. You see, this leaf is just covered with sugar cane aphid.

1538
02:45:22,000 --> 02:45:26,000
And they actually cause quite a few problems.

1539
02:45:26,000 --> 02:45:34,000
One of the things we need to do for a sugar cane aphid plant early, if you can, it helps to avoid some of those populations.

1540
02:45:34,000 --> 02:45:39,000
Don't plant without seeking treatment. It does help suppress these things early on.

1541
02:45:39,000 --> 02:45:43,000
And planit aphid tolerant hybrid, if you can find it. Got it.

1542
02:45:43,000 --> 02:45:48,000
You have to get to field weekly and monitor two times a week if possible.

1543
02:45:48,000 --> 02:45:58,000
These things blow up really fast. So you gotta really keep keep on top of them and utilize our thresholds and treat as soon as a threshold is reached.

1544
02:45:58,000 --> 02:46:01,000
Don't want to be late on your applications with these things because they do

1545
02:46:01,000 --> 02:46:08,000
build up so quickly and they can cause significant problems to your sorghum.

1546
02:46:08,000 --> 02:46:16,000
All right. In general, we do have some updates to our recommendations. MP 140 forward insecticide reclamation recommendations are available now.

1547
02:46:16,000 --> 02:46:24,000
It should be at the county office. So contact your county agent or the county office and you should be able to get the 20 21 version is there.

1548
02:46:24,000 --> 02:46:31,000
We're also mobile friendly version that we launched several years ago. This is the link that you can you can get to it.

1549
02:46:31,000 --> 02:46:38,000
Basically, this is this makes it a version that shows up on your phone and makes it a little easier to read if you use it.

1550
02:46:38,000 --> 02:46:44,000
Here's just an example of it. These are two screenshots from from the front of a phone.

1551
02:46:44,000 --> 02:46:52,000
Basically, you can choose your section. We don't have this for everything, but we do have it for our fruit, nuts, row crops and our vegetables.

1552
02:46:52,000 --> 02:46:57,000
And this is just an example. You choose your section and then you'll have a drop down menu of the crops,

1553
02:46:57,000 --> 02:47:03,000
such as the peas here, and you can choose the path that you're going to treat for.

1554
02:47:03,000 --> 02:47:09,000
Then over to the right there you can see we have a listing of the two sides that are recommended,

1555
02:47:09,000 --> 02:47:18,000
as well as the treatment threshold at the top fuel that you click on the pluses to the right Dariel expand and give you the formulation.

1556
02:47:18,000 --> 02:47:24,000
Braker is RPI and then you need no base to harvest.

1557
02:47:24,000 --> 02:47:27,000
I write code, which is our resistance code.

1558
02:47:27,000 --> 02:47:34,000
If you want to rotate chemistries, use a product with a different number each time to help stave off resistance.

1559
02:47:34,000 --> 02:47:39,000
And in all the application comments as well, often as if there's a third generic.

1560
02:47:39,000 --> 02:47:44,000
So I'll give you a list of generic options that are also available.

1561
02:47:44,000 --> 02:47:45,000
All right.

1562
02:47:45,000 --> 02:47:54,000
If you have any questions, this is the contact information for the extension entomologist in Arkansas with our phone numbers and e-mail addresses.

1563
02:47:54,000 --> 02:47:59,000
We all work and all the row crops. So you should be able to find and get hold.

1564
02:47:59,000 --> 02:48:12,000
One of us, if you have any any questions that will conclude our presentation on corn and very sorghum insect management.

1565
02:48:12,000 --> 02:48:21,000
All right. Well, thank you, Glenn. Great information. So if you have some questions, go ahead and enter them into the Q&A box.

1566
02:48:21,000 --> 02:48:30,000
Not just for Dr. Studebaker, but any of our speakers. And so, Glenn, I've got a couple of questions for you here.

1567
02:48:30,000 --> 02:48:38,000
First one is in the Q and A box. How many Southwestern corn bore Fairphone traps per acre.

1568
02:48:38,000 --> 02:48:42,000
Do we need. So we got a 40 acre field or 80 acre field.

1569
02:48:42,000 --> 02:48:51,000
How many traps do we need or how many would you recommend? That's an excellent question, and the answer is it depends.

1570
02:48:51,000 --> 02:48:56,000
Basically, what we really kind of try to look at is, is monitoring an area.

1571
02:48:56,000 --> 02:49:00,000
So if there's if you're just one field in an area for second 80 acre field or a 40 acre

1572
02:49:00,000 --> 02:49:07,000
field outside of a minimum of two traps out went on on opposite ends of the field,

1573
02:49:07,000 --> 02:49:12,000
because the traps sometimes aren't effective on one side, but they're more effective on another.

1574
02:49:12,000 --> 02:49:15,000
A lot of environmental conditions affect that.

1575
02:49:15,000 --> 02:49:20,000
But, you know, if I had a block of two hundred acres, I'd you know, you probably get by with four or five traps.

1576
02:49:20,000 --> 02:49:26,000
So it kind of depends on what you're looking at. But I would say a minimum of one per field.

1577
02:49:26,000 --> 02:49:32,000
And like I said, if if it's just like one field out there by itself, you'd want a minimum of two days to get an average of what's in there.

1578
02:49:32,000 --> 02:49:40,000
But in that area. Glenn, this is this is still related to traps.

1579
02:49:40,000 --> 02:49:47,000
So we only put corn more traps on conventional corn. There's no need to put traps around B.T. corn.

1580
02:49:47,000 --> 02:49:52,000
Correct? That's correct. The corn bores will not survive on B.T. corn.

1581
02:49:52,000 --> 02:49:56,000
So you can put a trap there, but you're probably not going to catch any corn boars.

1582
02:49:56,000 --> 02:50:01,000
And even if you do that information, you know it's there.

1583
02:50:01,000 --> 02:50:06,000
But you're not gonna make any management decisions based on that because you don't need to spray IBT corn cornfield,

1584
02:50:06,000 --> 02:50:16,000
all the beat, all of the B.T. hybrids do an excellent job of controlling BTC, Southwestern and European corn boars.

1585
02:50:16,000 --> 02:50:25,000
OK. Another message, that question that was texted to me, so we hear a lot about Beattie or insect resistance to insecticides.

1586
02:50:25,000 --> 02:50:33,000
So what about resist cornball resistance to our B.T. corn, wheat or CENI that?

1587
02:50:33,000 --> 02:50:39,000
Should we be concerned about that? Yeah, there's been a few pockets,

1588
02:50:39,000 --> 02:50:46,000
little blips here and there and other parts of the country where we've seen some European

1589
02:50:46,000 --> 02:50:50,000
wars and some Southwestern corn boards make it through one of the single trait, BEATTIES.

1590
02:50:50,000 --> 02:50:59,000
But it's just been kind of something that showed up and it's never really taken hold so far.

1591
02:50:59,000 --> 02:51:03,000
Ah, B.T. hybrids are really holding up very well in control in southwestern Corbo.

1592
02:51:03,000 --> 02:51:07,000
So it's not a thing that we would worry a lot about.

1593
02:51:07,000 --> 02:51:10,000
But because there has been a blip or two, there is the potential for that.

1594
02:51:10,000 --> 02:51:18,000
It is important that growers follow the refuge requirements for these these hybrids like I had in presentation.

1595
02:51:18,000 --> 02:51:23,000
You know, a lot of the double stack traits, that 20 percent refuge's is what's required.

1596
02:51:23,000 --> 02:51:27,000
And that really is to stave off resistance in corn Borse.

1597
02:51:27,000 --> 02:51:31,000
And it will help with maybe a further development of resistance in corn earworm,

1598
02:51:31,000 --> 02:51:35,000
and especially if it's pretty much got resistance to the other BEATTIES now.

1599
02:51:35,000 --> 02:51:41,000
So I think that ship is completely safe now. OK.

1600
02:51:41,000 --> 02:51:45,000
Next question here is still relating to corn earworm damage.

1601
02:51:45,000 --> 02:51:49,000
So I think you said earlier in your presentation. Twelve percent damage.

1602
02:51:49,000 --> 02:51:52,000
I think that's maybe what you'd said.

1603
02:51:52,000 --> 02:52:02,000
So with that level of damage in, you know, and maybe B.T. corn or conventional corn, is that that amount of damage economical,

1604
02:52:02,000 --> 02:52:07,000
especially now that, you know, most producers are hoping they're going to get five dollars and more for the grain.

1605
02:52:07,000 --> 02:52:12,000
So more grain, better grain prices, maybe people more willing to spend money.

1606
02:52:12,000 --> 02:52:19,000
Should they be spending and trying to control earworms in corn? Yeah, I did have that 10, 12 percent.

1607
02:52:19,000 --> 02:52:25,000
And what that was really talking about is most of the earworm damage is on the tip of the year.

1608
02:52:25,000 --> 02:52:32,000
And where we had done some studies of weeds, we had shelled years and that that tip of the year and a handheld situation where we

1609
02:52:32,000 --> 02:52:38,000
collected every kernel of the tip gave us about twelve percent of the contributes,

1610
02:52:38,000 --> 02:52:42,000
about twelve percent of the yield. So I would say really yield losses, much less than that.

1611
02:52:42,000 --> 02:52:49,000
We've done several studies where we sprayed plots and eliminated ear worms and led some

1612
02:52:49,000 --> 02:52:54,000
supply side by side where we let the ear worm eat and we couldn't measure any yield boss.

1613
02:52:54,000 --> 02:52:59,000
And the reason for that, I believe, is because they feed at that ear tip.

1614
02:52:59,000 --> 02:53:07,000
A lot of those small kernels of the year tip, even on in a clean year, will blow out the back of the combat because those kernels or saws so small.

1615
02:53:07,000 --> 02:53:11,000
So I think that that tip probably contributes less than 10 percent to you.

1616
02:53:11,000 --> 02:53:17,000
But so you put all that together and they don't eat every tip kernel off the tip of the year.

1617
02:53:17,000 --> 02:53:24,000
So they're just we have had a hard time measured the yield loss in field corn from hornier.

1618
02:53:24,000 --> 02:53:30,000
And it's not just here. There's been some entomologists in other states have tried to look at that and still not really seen that we're

1619
02:53:30,000 --> 02:53:39,000
really that where we've mechanically moved kernels to try to see how much we have to remove to cause your boss.

1620
02:53:39,000 --> 02:53:48,000
You've got to remove close to 100 kernels per year. And they generally don't eat that many in there because of the way they feed.

1621
02:53:48,000 --> 02:53:54,000
OK, two questions here, both of them involve religions.

1622
02:53:54,000 --> 02:54:01,000
So one consultant used he gene and grain sorghum in the past and after they used it,

1623
02:54:01,000 --> 02:54:07,000
they see a big jump in corn earworm and sorghum web where the next two weeks.

1624
02:54:07,000 --> 02:54:14,000
Why do we need to do different or how do we need to use HeLa gene to get the best results?

1625
02:54:14,000 --> 02:54:20,000
Well, and and HeLa is not going to have any effect on sort of web worm one for one thing.

1626
02:54:20,000 --> 02:54:26,000
So that's not surprising that you're going to see sorghum web worm behind huge an application.

1627
02:54:26,000 --> 02:54:36,000
It is specific to corn earworm really to have the best results because this is a virus and it takes some time for it to work.

1628
02:54:36,000 --> 02:54:43,000
What we look at is is really you want to apply it early. If you're going to use it and you know our thresholds for other insecticides,

1629
02:54:43,000 --> 02:54:47,000
we want to wait to those those worms or a half inch long because there's a lot of predators in the field.

1630
02:54:47,000 --> 02:54:52,000
Make an application with religion. You're not going to wait that long because it takes some time to work.

1631
02:54:52,000 --> 02:54:58,000
So you're really looking at a newly hatched or a quarter inch worms. It's probably going to be the most effective.

1632
02:54:58,000 --> 02:55:04,000
And, you know, right at Threshold if you got a heavy population. It may not work as well.

1633
02:55:04,000 --> 02:55:09,000
So you really kind of looking at applying it early at a little lower, lower threshold?

1634
02:55:09,000 --> 02:55:14,000
I would say probably one four for two heads instead of one per head is what I would say.

1635
02:55:14,000 --> 02:55:20,000
We would probably lean more towards that for putting out huge and to make it work.

1636
02:55:20,000 --> 02:55:26,000
The other question on Hili Jin-Yi is, you know, if we put spit it out early.

1637
02:55:26,000 --> 02:55:31,000
How long the residual or how long can we expect the heat again to be active?

1638
02:55:31,000 --> 02:55:35,000
I guess provided we have worms out there during that time, right? Yeah.

1639
02:55:35,000 --> 02:55:41,000
You're going to have worms. It's a virus. You know, that is the way it reproduces in the field as it reproduces in those worms.

1640
02:55:41,000 --> 02:55:46,000
So if it's a clean field, there's no worms. You'll have a little residual.

1641
02:55:46,000 --> 02:55:52,000
But a lot of that plays into because it is a virus, how hot it is.

1642
02:55:52,000 --> 02:55:56,000
Solar radiation and all that kind of stuff. The kind of things that will break the virus down.

1643
02:55:56,000 --> 02:56:06,000
So, you know, under cloudy conditions, if it's a little bit cooler, you might see a week or two of residual with it with with the worms there.

1644
02:56:06,000 --> 02:56:11,000
If you've got a low population of worms, we've seen residual s for quite some time.

1645
02:56:11,000 --> 02:56:15,000
But again, this all depends. You have time with worms there, actually build the virus up in the field.

1646
02:56:15,000 --> 02:56:23,000
So it's a game you got to play with with that particular product.

1647
02:56:23,000 --> 02:56:27,000
Well, I think that's all the questions that I currently have.

1648
02:56:27,000 --> 02:56:34,000
Does any Bales' having quit? Last minute questions before we wrap up the program today.

1649
02:56:34,000 --> 02:56:41,000
OK. Well, they maybe we're at the end here and I want to thank the Arkansas corn and grain sorghum producers,

1650
02:56:41,000 --> 02:56:46,000
the Arkansas Corn Grain Sorghum Promotion Board and all of our industry partners.

1651
02:56:46,000 --> 02:56:50,000
The work we do would not be possible without their support.

1652
02:56:50,000 --> 02:56:58,000
So if you asked a question or think of a question a little bit later that you thought I should have asked that question, feel free to email me.

1653
02:56:58,000 --> 02:57:02,000
Call me. I think you've got my contact info. Information.

1654
02:57:02,000 --> 02:57:06,000
My email is J. Kelly j k l l e y at u.a.e x.

1655
02:57:06,000 --> 02:57:16,000
Scott e t u. And so we can get you an answer and wish everybody a great twenty, twenty one year and appreciate everybody being on online today.

1656
02:57:16,000 --> 02:58:22,080
So thank you. And this concludes our presentation and have a great afternoon.